Friday, December 31, 2021
Thursday, December 30, 2021
High-resolution lab experiments show how cells ‘eat’
A new study shows how cell membranes curve to create the 'mouths' that allow the cells to consume things that surround them.
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Leveraging space to advance stem cell science and medicine
The secret to producing large batches of stem cells more efficiently may lie in the near-zero gravity conditions of space. Scientists have found that microgravity has the potential to contribute to life-saving advances on Earth by facilitating the rapid mass production of stem cells.
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Wednesday, December 29, 2021
Tuesday, December 28, 2021
Microglial methylation 'landscape' in human brain
Recent studies have shown variation in the gene-expression profile and phenotype of microglia across brain regions and between different age and disease states. But the molecular mechanisms that contribute to these transcriptomic changes in the human brain are not well understood. Now, a new study targets the methylation profile of microglia from human brain.
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Researchers develop structural blueprint of nanoparticles to target white blood cells responsible for acute lung inflammation
A potential new route to the diagnosis and treatment of ARDS comes from studying how neutrophils -- the white blood cells responsible for detecting and eliminating harmful particles in the body -- differentiate what materials to uptake by the material's surface structure, and favor uptake of particles that exhibit 'protein clumping,' according to new research.
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Monday, December 27, 2021
Radioactive radiation could damage biological tissue also via a previously unnoticed mechanism
When cells are exposed to ionizing radiation, more destructive chain reactions may occur than previously thought. An international team led by researchers has now observed intermolecular Coulombic decay in organic molecules. This is triggered by ionizing radiation such as from radioactivity or from space. The effect damages two neighboring molecules and ultimately leads to the breaking of bonds – like the ones in DNA and proteins. The finding not only improves the understanding of radiation damage but could also help in the search for more effective substances to support radiation therapy.
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‘Battle of the sexes’ begins in womb as father and mother’s genes tussle over nutrition
Scientists have identified a key signal that the fetus uses to control its supply of nutrients from the placenta, revealing a tug-of-war between genes inherited from the father and from the mother. The study, carried out in mice, could help explain why some babies grow poorly in the womb.
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Communication between cells plays a major role in deciding their fate
Scientists have found a way to prove that biochemical signals sent from cell to cell play an important role in determining how those cells develop, findings that can help explain how stem cells differentiate and how cancer arises and proliferates, possibly leading to new treatments.
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Clues to treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder found in recently evolved region of the ‘dark genome’
Scientists investigating the DNA outside our genes - the 'dark genome' - have discovered recently evolved regions that code for proteins associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Cochlear implant in deaf children with autism can improve language skills and social engagement, study finds
Restoring hearing through cochlear implantation for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can help them understand spoken language and enhance social interactions, according to a new study.
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Sunday, December 26, 2021
Saturday, December 25, 2021
Friday, December 24, 2021
Thursday, December 23, 2021
Immune memory less durable after severe COVID-19, study suggests
Patients recovering from severe COVID-19 may have a more dysfunctional B cell response than patients who had less-severe COVID-19, a new study suggests.
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New study adds more evidence for omicron immune evasion
A new study adds more evidence that the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, can evade the immune protection conferred by vaccines and natural infection and suggests the need for new vaccines and treatments that anticipate how the virus may soon evolve.
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No more annual flu shot? New target for universal influenza vaccine
Scientists have identified a new Achilles' heel of influenza virus, making progress in the quest for a universal flu vaccine. Antibodies against a long-ignored section of the virus, which the team dubbed the anchor, have the potential to recognize a broad variety of flu strains, even as the virus mutates from year to year.
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Mapping the musical mind
Researchers used magnetic resonance imaging to study the brains of secondary school students during a task focused on musical observation. They found that students trained to play music from a young age exhibited certain kinds of brain activity more strongly than other students. The researchers also observed a specific link between musical processing and areas of the brain associated with language processing for the first time.
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Exposure to formaldehyde at work linked to cognitive problems later
A variety of jobs expose people to formaldehyde, a strong-smelling gas used in manufacturing wood and chemical products, plastics and in other applications. A new study suggests that long-term exposure to formaldehyde during work may be associated with cognitive impairment later on.
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Wednesday, December 22, 2021
People with IBD have more microplastics in their feces
Microplastics -- tiny pieces of plastic less than 5 mm in length -- are everywhere, from bottled water to food to air. According to recent estimates, people consume tens of thousands of these particles each year, with unknown health consequences. Now, researchers have found that people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have more microplastics in their feces than healthy controls, suggesting that the fragments could be related to the disease process.
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People with IBD have more microplastics in their feces
Microplastics -- tiny pieces of plastic less than 5 mm in length -- are everywhere, from bottled water to food to air. According to recent estimates, people consume tens of thousands of these particles each year, with unknown health consequences. Now, researchers have found that people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have more microplastics in their feces than healthy controls, suggesting that the fragments could be related to the disease process.
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Wise old elephants keep the young calm
Male elephants are more aggressive when fewer older males are present, new research suggests.
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Toxoplasma parasites manipulate brain cells to survive
Researchers have discovered that Toxoplasma parasites lay dormant and undetected inside neurons (brain cells) and muscle cells by releasing proteins that switch off the cells' ability to alert the immune system.
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Tsunamis’ magnetic fields are detectable before sea level change
A new study finds the magnetic field generated by a tsunami can be detected a few minutes earlier than changes in sea level and could improve warnings of these giant waves.
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Brain mechanisms involved in learning also drive social conformity
Some of the same brain systems known to play a role in learning from trial and error also are engaged when people conform to social norms, scientists report in a new study. The findings are important, the researchers said, because changing one's behavior to align with one's peers can contribute to community-building or -- depending on the goals and values of the group -- societal breakdown.
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Tuesday, December 21, 2021
Birds’ dazzling iridescence tied to nanoscale tweak of feather structure
Researchers found that the iridescent shimmer that makes birds such as peacocks and hummingbirds so striking is rooted in an evolutionary tweak in feather nanostructure that has more than doubled the range of iridescent colors birds can display. This insight could help researchers understand how and when iridescence first evolved in birds, as well as inspire the development of new materials that can capture or manipulate light.
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Exquisitely preserved embryo found inside fossilized dinosaur egg
A 72 to 66-million-year-old embryo found inside a fossilized dinosaur egg sheds new light on the link between the behavior of modern birds and dinosaurs, according to a new study.
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Space and time: How to better understand biological processes in plants
If the perspective of space and time is not properly applied to plant research, the understanding of biological processes is limited as well as the response to the threats that endanger the life of plants worldwide.
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Drug could more effectively treat patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia, early stage research finds
A proof-of-concept trial has identified a drug that may offer benefit some patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Scientists create mind-blowing tool to 'see' millions of brain cell connections in mice
To solve the mysteries of how learning and memory occur, scientists have created a system to track millions of connections among brain cells in mice -- all at the same time -- when the animals' whiskers are tweaked, an indicator for learning.
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Breakthrough infections generate 'super immunity' to COVID-19, study suggests
Breakthrough infections greatly enhance immune response to variants of the virus that causes COVID-19, according to new research. The study is the first to use live SARS-CoV-2 variants to measure cross-neutralization of blood serum from breakthrough cases, portending an eventual 'end game' to the pandemic.
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Mind-controlled robots now one step closer
Researchers teamed up to develop a machine-learning program that can be connected to a human brain and used to command a robot. The program adjusts the robot's movements based on electrical signals from the brain. The hope is that with this invention, tetraplegic patients will be able to carry out more day-to-day activities on their own.
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Greater exposure to nitrogen dioxide linked to higher levels of biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in the brain
A study has found an association between air pollution and higher levels of deposition of beta-amyloid protein in the brain and of neurofilament light (NfL) in cerebrospinal fluid.
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Monday, December 20, 2021
New research moves closer to harnessing viruses to fight bacteria and reduce antibiotic use
A new study has cast new light on how to best combine antibiotics and phage therapy. Researchers conducted laboratory experiments on Pseudomonas aeruginosa a bacterium which causes disease in immunocompromised and cystic fibrosis patients. They exposed the bacterium to eight types of antibiotics -- and found differences in the mechanisms by which the bacteria evolve resistance to phages, which affect how harmful they are.
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A pathway emerges: Biologists describe structure and function of a heme transport and assembly machine
Researchers described for the first time the structure of a bifunctional protein, called CcsBA, that transports heme and attaches it to cytochromes. The study captured two conformational states of CcsBA, a bacterial and chloroplast protein, allowing scientists to characterize the enzyme mechanism.
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Gum disease increases risk of other illness such as mental health and heart conditions, study suggests
A new study shows an increased risk of patients developing illnesses including mental ill-health and heart conditions if they have a GP-inputted medical history of gum disease.
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Deadliest period in Earth’s history was also the stinkiest
Tiny microbes belching toxic gas helped cause -- and prolong -- the biggest mass extinction in Earth's history, a new study suggests.
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Wearable biosensors can help people with complex health conditions
Remote monitoring of health-related behavior with wearable sensor technology is feasible for people with complex health conditions, shows a recent study.
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Using sparse data to predict lab earthquakes
A machine-learning approach developed for sparse data reliably predicts fault slip in laboratory earthquakes and could be key to predicting fault slip and potentially earthquakes in the field.
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Small measures can be a big help for children of mothers with depression
Several new studies among Syrian refugee families in Turkey and families with infants in Sweden and Bhutan show that children of mothers in poor mental health risk falling behind in their cognitive development. However, very small changes can suffice to break this correlation and enable the children to return to their normal developmental level. Having plenty of people around them and an available community are two of the most important factors for helping children, in all three countries.
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Earthquake depth impacts potential tsunami threat
Earthquakes of similar magnitude can cause tsunamis of greatly varying sizes. This commonly observed, but not well-understood phenomenon has hindered reliable warnings of local tsunamis. This research provides new insight that connects the characteristics of earthquakes -- magnitude, depth where two tectonic plates slip past each other and the rigidity of the plates involved -- with the potential size of a resulting tsunami.
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Wear and tear in vulnerable brain areas lead to lesions linked to cognitive decline
As our brains age, small lesions begin to pop up in the bundles of white matter that carry messages between our neurons. The lesions can damage this white matter and lead to cognitive deficits. Now, researchers not only provide an explanation for the location of these lesions but also how they develop in the first place.
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Sunday, December 19, 2021
New meteorological phenomenon dubbed 'atmospheric lakes'
Like atmospheric rivers, but smaller and slower moving, the pools of water vapor bring much-needed rain from the Indo-Pacific to arid regions along the east African coast.
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For IBS, specific diets are less important than expected
Many IBS sufferers avoid certain types of food and often exclude gluten. However, a large new study does not show a relationship between high intake of gluten and increased IBS symptoms. The researchers did find that a certain type of carbohydrate called 'fodmaps' can aggravate intestinal problems, however, the overall results indicate that they also have less influence than previously thought.
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Marine life can cling together to buy time in the face of climate warming
Some marine species can help protect others from climate change by shielding them from heat, according to a new study.
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Study shows how HIV copies itself in the body
HIV replication in the human body requires that specific viral RNAs be packaged into progeny virus particles. A new study has found how a small difference in the RNA sequence can allow the viral RNA to be packaged for replication, creating potential targets for future HIV treatments.
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How diet influences taste sensitivity and preference
What you eat influences your taste for what you might want to eat next. So claims a University of California, Riverside, study performed on fruit flies. The study offers a better understanding of neurophysiological plasticity of the taste system in flies.
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Mindfulness can get wandering thoughts back on track
Mindfulness -- the ability to intentionally focus attention on the present moment -- can be effective for reducing mind wandering, though results do differ depending on the research methodology.
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Saturday, December 18, 2021
Coast redwood and sequoia genome sequences completed
Scientists have completed the sequences for the coast redwood and giant sequoia genomes. The research helps better explain the genetic basis for these species' ability to adapt to their changing environments. The findings indicate that the coast redwood genome evolved from a single ancestral species.
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Dark fiber seismic network finds missed aftershocks in Chinese earthquake
Just days after a 2020 magnitude 5.1 earthquake in Tangshan, China, researchers turned nearly 8 kilometers of unused telecom fiber optic cable into a seismic array that detected dozens of aftershocks that were missed by permanent seismic stations.
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Friday, December 17, 2021
Prenatal exposure to phthalates damages reproductive tissue in female mice
Phthalates are a ubiquitous family of chemicals that are used every day. In a new study, researchers have investigated how these compounds affect tissue development in the reproductive systems of female mice offspring.
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Gas-passing plankton illumine another piece of the carbon cycle puzzle
A recently discovered species of bacteria consumes an organic compound commonly found in solvents like paint remover, according to a new study. Finding that SAR11 bacteria use acetone adds to evidence suggesting that aspects of the marine carbon cycle, which pulls atmospheric carbon into the sea, are not being considered in the study of the cycle and its ability to buffer climate change, scientists say.
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New discovery on how omega-3 fatty acids can reduce atherosclerosis
A receptor activated by substances formed from omega-3 fatty acids plays a vital role in preventing inflammation in blood vessels and reducing atherosclerosis, a new study reports. The discovery can pave the way for new strategies for treating and preventing cardiovascular disease using omega-3 fatty acids.
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New study reveals how epithelial cells in the body naturally eliminate 'precancerous' ones
Normal epithelial cells show the ability to push out precancerous ones present in the epithelium, by means of 'cell competition.' But the exact molecular mechanism of this recognition by normal epithelial cells was unknown. Now, researchers have unraveled the interactions and cellular pathways leading to this extrusion, allowing them to identify a candidate for a therapeutic target for future cancer prevention research.
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Using strategy to preserve biodiversity while saving space
The breathtaking variety of life on Earth is in danger; biodiversity is declining rapidly. As many as one million species are at risk; many could become extinct in the next few decades. Accordingly, protected areas are urgently needed, but are often poorly chosen from a strategic perspective. But how can the biological diversity of a given region best be measured? With the aid of an innovative new approach, a team of researchers have now identified the most valuable areas in Latin America.
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The origin of neuronal diversity
With a new method researchers can investigate the developmental relationships of cells in the brain.
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Thursday, December 16, 2021
Using the Earth’s noise to see beneath the Greenland ice sheet
The noise created by the Earth's movements has been used to build up a detailed picture of the geological conditions beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet and the impact on ice flow, in new research. The team studied Rayleigh waves -- seismic waves generated by movements such as earthquakes -- to produce high-resolution images of the rocks underneath the ice sheet, helping to identify which areas are most susceptible to faster ice flow. It will give us a better understanding of the processes that contribute to accelerated ice discharge into the ocean and the consequent sea level rise.
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Scientists create stable materials for more efficient solar cells
Researchers have developed a new process for producing stable perovskite materials to create more efficient solar cells.
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'Drink your peas!' Benefits of supplementing cow milk with plant protein
Scientists have developed a novel method of supplementing cow milk with vegetable protein using readily available current dairy processing equipment. A new report presents the study, which may open opportunities to create new functional, multisourced dairy products that could help bolster declining fluid milk sales in the United States.
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Towards carbon neutrality: New synthesis method yields superior membrane for carbon capture and storage
Scientists develop a new method of synthesizing a promising membrane with superior performance during carbon dioxide removal from industrial emissions.
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Brain study on how to slow down climate change
When it comes to climate-friendly behavior, there is often a gap between what we want and what we actually do. Although most people want to see climate change slowed down, many do not behave in an appropriately sustainable way. Researchers have now used brain stimulation to demonstrate that the ability to sympathize with the future victims of climate change encourages sustainable behavior.
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Scientists find climate-driven tree mortality and fuel aridity increase wildfire fuel availability
New research suggests climate-driven tree mortality and fuel aridity are increasing fuel availability in forests leading to record-breaking wildfires in size, spread and plume formation.
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Breakthrough in using CRISPR-Cas9 to target fat cells
Researchers describe a breakthrough using CRISPR-Cas9, a tool that has transformed molecular biological research, but whose use in the study of adipose tissue had been elusive.
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Scientists find new details about how immune system builds long-term memory
Experts in Japan have identified a fundamental part of the immune system's long-term memory, providing a useful new detail in the pursuit to design better vaccines for diseases, ranging from COVID-19 to malaria.
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Innovative textile vents to release heat when you sweat
Materials scientists have developed a lightweight material that traps thermal energy when dry, but when the person starts sweating, opens a series of tiny vents to let heat escape and re-closes them to retain heat once they are dry again. Using physics rather than electronics to open the vents, the material has potential as a patch on various types of clothing to help keep the wearer comfortable in a wide range of situations.
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Despite cleaner air, pollution disparities for people of color remain across the US
Researchers investigated disparities in exposure to six major air pollutants in 1990, 2000 and 2010 by comparing models of air pollution levels to census data. While overall pollutant concentrations have decreased since 1990, people of color are still more likely to be exposed to all six pollutants than white people, regardless of income level, across the continental United States.
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Brain study on how to slow down climate change
When it comes to climate-friendly behavior, there is often a gap between what we want and what we actually do. Although most people want to see climate change slowed down, many do not behave in an appropriately sustainable way. Researchers have now used brain stimulation to demonstrate that the ability to sympathize with the future victims of climate change encourages sustainable behavior.
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Immune system responds to mRNA treatment for cancer, researchers find
Adding messenger RNA, or mRNA therapy improves the response to cancer immunotherapy in patients who weren't responding to the treatment, new research shows. Immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to prevent, control and eliminate cancer.
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Scientists find new details about how immune system builds long-term memory
Experts in Japan have identified a fundamental part of the immune system's long-term memory, providing a useful new detail in the pursuit to design better vaccines for diseases, ranging from COVID-19 to malaria.
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Despite cleaner air, pollution disparities for people of color remain across the US
Researchers investigated disparities in exposure to six major air pollutants in 1990, 2000 and 2010 by comparing models of air pollution levels to census data. While overall pollutant concentrations have decreased since 1990, people of color are still more likely to be exposed to all six pollutants than white people, regardless of income level, across the continental United States.
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SARS-CoV-2 protein interacts with Parkinson’s protein, promotes amyloid formation, study finds
Researchers have shown that, at least in the test tube, the SARS-CoV-2 N-protein interacts with a neuronal protein called alpha-synuclein and speeds the formation of amyloid fibrils, pathological protein bundles that have been implicated in Parkinson's disease.
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Wednesday, December 15, 2021
Identifying schools with high lead levels in drinking water
Consuming lead can cause health problems for anyone, but children are particularly vulnerable because the element can interfere with their growth and development. While water systems will soon be required to measure lead levels in school tap water, it's not clear how these measurements should be interpreted. Researchers have now used real-world data to determine an approach for identifying schools likely to have problematic lead levels.
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Making apple spirits taste better
The holiday season is a time of celebrations and festive drinks, some of which are made with apple liquors. These classic spirits have a long history, and surprisingly, many decisions about their processing are still subjectively determined. Now, researchers report that measuring the liquor's conductivity could give a more objective assessment, and they also found a way to make the process more energy-efficient.
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‘Forever chemicals’ latch onto sea spray to become airborne
When ocean waves break, microscopic particles break free into the air. For beachgoers, aerosolized sea salts contribute to the tousled 'beach hair' look. But other compounds found in seawater, including perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), could become airborne as bubbles pop at the water's surface. Now, researchers have observed in a thorough field study that sea spray pollutes the air in coastal areas with these potentially harmful chemicals.
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‘Forever chemicals’ latch onto sea spray to become airborne
When ocean waves break, microscopic particles break free into the air. For beachgoers, aerosolized sea salts contribute to the tousled 'beach hair' look. But other compounds found in seawater, including perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), could become airborne as bubbles pop at the water's surface. Now, researchers have observed in a thorough field study that sea spray pollutes the air in coastal areas with these potentially harmful chemicals.
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E-waste recycling emits emerging synthetic antioxidants
Manufacturers add synthetic antioxidants to plastics, rubbers and other polymers to make them last longer. However, the health effects of these compounds, and how readily they migrate into the environment, are largely unknown. Now, researchers have detected a broad range of emerging synthetic antioxidants, called hindered phenol and sulfur antioxidants, in dust from electronic waste (e-waste) recycling workshops, possibly posing risks for the workers inside.
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High blood pressure treatment in pregnancy appears safe, prevents maternal heart risks
High blood pressure during pregnancy remains a major cause of maternal and fetal pregnancy-related complications and death, and it increases women's short- and long-term risks for cardiovascular disease. Emerging data from clinical trials and observational research support the benefits and safety of blood pressure treatment during pregnancy. Continued investigation is critical to determine which blood pressure levels, during- and post-pregnancy, both for starting therapy and as treatment goals, are beneficial for the mother and safe and beneficial for the fetus.
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Tuesday, December 14, 2021
Researchers develop platform to screen for new class of coronavirus antiviral compounds
A new high-throughput platform screens for drug compounds that hit a target found in human and bat coronaviruses and could be used to develop future treatments.
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Researchers develop platform to screen for new class of coronavirus antiviral compounds
A new high-throughput platform screens for drug compounds that hit a target found in human and bat coronaviruses and could be used to develop future treatments.
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Earliest adorned female infant burial in Europe significant in understanding evolution of personhood
Ten thousand years ago, a group of hunter-gatherers buried an infant girl in an Italian cave with a rich selection of their treasured beads and pendants, showing that even the youngest females were recognized as full persons in their society. The excavations and analysis of the discovery offer insight into the early Mesolithic period, from which few recorded burials are known.
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Scientists develop an RNA-based breath test to detect COVID-19
A breathalyzer that reverse-transcribes RNA from airborne SARS-CoV-2 in breath predicts lower respiratory tract involvement and is less invasive than alternative testing approaches, report researchers.
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Monday, December 13, 2021
Sunday, December 12, 2021
Vaccines and previous infection could offer some 'stronger than basic' protection to Omicron, early study suggests
One of the earliest, peer-reviewed studies looking into the Omicron variant of COVID-19 suggests that people previously infected with COVID, and those vaccinated, will have some, 'stronger than basic' defence against this new strain of concern.
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Saturday, December 11, 2021
Friday, December 10, 2021
Finding the recipe for a larger, greener global rice bowl
A global assessment assessed rice yields and efficiency in 32 rice cropping systems. The study concluded that there is still substantial room to increase rice production while reducing the negative environmental impacts. A leading agronomist describes the study as 'the most comprehensive global evaluation of production systems for a major staple crop, (one that) will set the standard for future global comparison.'
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Asthma may reduce risk of brain tumors -- but how?
Asthma has been associated with a lowered risk of brain tumors, and researchers now think they know why: Immune cells activated under conditions of asthma are less able to promote the growth of brain tumors. The findings could lead to new therapeutic approaches.
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Chemicals from hair and beauty products impact hormones, especially during pregnancy
The use of certain personal care products during pregnancy may impact maternal hormone levels, according to a new study.
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Speaking 'baby talk' to infants isn’t just cute: It could help them learn to make words
By mimicking the sound of a smaller vocal tract, adults may be cluing babies in to how the words should sound coming out of their own mouths.
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New understanding of plant nutrient response could improve fertilizer management strategies
Green is a color that is almost universally associated with plants -- for good reason. The green pigment chlorophyll is essential to plants' ability to generate food; but what happens if they don't have enough of it? New work reveals the complex, interdependent nutrient responses underpinning a potentially deadly, low-chlorophyll state called chlorosis that's associated with an anemic, yellow appearance. It could usher in more environmentally friendly agricultural practices -- using less fertilizer and fewer water resources.
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Scientists identify malfunctioning brain cells as potential target for Alzheimer's treatment
Scientists have identified a rare population of potentially toxic senescent cells in human brains that can serve as a target for a new Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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Thursday, December 9, 2021
How bone-bordering cells may help shape a skull
In a study of mice, scientists showed how the activity of one gene, turned on in a newly discovered group of bone-bordering cells, may play an important role in shaping the skull. The skulls of mice that were missing the gene were misshapen and were depleted of the cells in a manner that is reminiscent of craniosynostosis, a developmental disorder that affects about one out every 2,500 babies born in the United States.
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How bone-bordering cells may help shape a skull
In a study of mice, scientists showed how the activity of one gene, turned on in a newly discovered group of bone-bordering cells, may play an important role in shaping the skull. The skulls of mice that were missing the gene were misshapen and were depleted of the cells in a manner that is reminiscent of craniosynostosis, a developmental disorder that affects about one out every 2,500 babies born in the United States.
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New study gives a better understanding of how housekeeping takes place in cells
Normal household waste is collected and disposed of by waste collectors, and a similar process occurs in cells to remove damaged and potentially harmful proteins. A new research study provides a better understanding of how this is done.
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New study gives a better understanding of how housekeeping takes place in cells
Normal household waste is collected and disposed of by waste collectors, and a similar process occurs in cells to remove damaged and potentially harmful proteins. A new research study provides a better understanding of how this is done.
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MRI, hybrid imaging outperform conventional tests for small cell lung cancer staging
MRI -- with or without FDG PET coregistration --c an improve the staging of patients with small cell lung cancer.
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Ethiopian monuments 1,000 years older than previously thought
Rising as high as 20 feet, ancient stone monoliths in southern Ethiopia are 1,000 years older than scientists previously thought, according to a new study. A research team used advanced radiocarbon dating to determine the often phallic-shaped monoliths, or stelae, at the Sakaro Sodo archeological site in Ethiopia's Gedeo zone were likely created sometime during the first century A.D.
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Wednesday, December 8, 2021
The impact of drugs on gut microbes is greater than we thought
We are one of the most medicated generations of humans to live on our planet. Cardiometabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes, obesity, and coronary artery disease continue to increase in prevalence and together constitute the highest cause of mortality worldwide. Affected people often have to take multiple daily medications for months or even years. Researchers from the Bork group at EMBL Heidelberg, working together with a European consortium involving more than twenty European institutes, have now shown that many commonly used drugs have powerful effects on our gut microbes. These include drugs used to treat cardiometabolic disorders and antibiotics. The results were published in the journal Nature.
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Ammonite muscles revealed in 3D from Jurassic fossil
Researchers have revealed the soft tissues of a 165-million-year-old ammonite fossil using 3D imaging.
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Blood from marathoner mice boosts brain function in their couch-potato counterparts
Researchers have shown that blood from young adult mice that are getting lots of exercise benefits the brains of same-aged, sedentary mice. A single protein in the blood of exercising mice seems largely responsible for that benefit.
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Blood from marathoner mice boosts brain function in their couch-potato counterparts
Researchers have shown that blood from young adult mice that are getting lots of exercise benefits the brains of same-aged, sedentary mice. A single protein in the blood of exercising mice seems largely responsible for that benefit.
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Anxiety drugs and antidepressants trigger post-surgery delirium, study finds
A new study finds that older people taking a drug used to treat anxiety and insomnia -- nitrazepam -- as well as those on antidepressants, are twice as likely to suffer postoperative delirium after hip and knee surgery.
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Early warning signals could help monitor disease outbreaks
New research suggests early warning signals (EWSs) could help in the monitoring of disease outbreaks, such as COVID-19. The study found warnings could be detected weeks earlier than any rapid increase in cases. The findings could help governments and policy makers improve the accuracy of their decisions and allow timely interventions if needed.
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Tuesday, December 7, 2021
Oops! You did it again; new test predicts if impulsivity is pathological
If you can't stop saying or doing things that you later regret, here's a diagnostic test for you: Researchers have pioneered a way to better determine when acting on one's worst impulses verges on pathological. Turns out, acting more recklessly when your emotions run high can be correlated with how fast you react to stimulating visuals, especially disturbing ones.
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Wildfire smoke poses neurological hazards
Wildfire smoke contains microparticles that cross the blood-brain barrier, triggering neurotoxic effects.
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CRISPRing the microbiome is just around the corner
CRISPR is widely used to target specific cell types, but only one at a time. Researchers have now developed methods to edit genes in multiple organisms within a diverse community of microbes simultaneously, a first step toward editing microbiomes such as those in the gut or on plants. One method assesses which microbes are editable; a second adds genes with a barcode that allows scientists to insert, track and assess insertion efficiency and specificity.
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Monday, December 6, 2021
New type of earthquake discovered
A research team has documented a new type of earthquake in an injection environment in British Columbia, Canada. The seismic events are slower than conventional earthquakes. Their existence supports a scientific theory that until now had not been sufficiently substantiated by measurements.
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Too dry, too hot, or too wet: Increasing weather persistence in European summer
Global warming makes long lasting weather situations in the Northern hemisphere's summer months more likely -- which in turn leads to more extreme weather events, a novel analysis of atmospheric images and data finds. These events include heatwaves, droughts, intense rainy periods. Especially in Europe, but also in Russia, persistent weather patterns have increased in number and intensity over the last decades with weather extremes occurring simultaneously at different locations.
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Researchers crack the synthetic code of rare molecules sought after in drug development
A research team has succeeded in producing two molecules that are otherwise only formed by microorganisms from extremely contaminated wastewater in an abandoned mine in South Korea. The method, which took four years to develop, could pave the way for new types of drugs.
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Researchers crack the synthetic code of rare molecules sought after in drug development
A research team has succeeded in producing two molecules that are otherwise only formed by microorganisms from extremely contaminated wastewater in an abandoned mine in South Korea. The method, which took four years to develop, could pave the way for new types of drugs.
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Long-range four-stranded DNA structures found to play a role in rare aging disease
A special form of four-stranded DNA, recently seen in human cells, has been found to interact with a gene that causes Cockayne Syndrome when faulty.
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Male spiders are attracted by a female like planets orbiting a star
The tiny male golden orb-weaving spider faces a considerable challenge when searching for a mate. He is a fraction of the size of the massive female, but must carefully enter her web and approach her without being noticed, because the cannibalistic female will kill and eat him if he makes one wrong move on her web. Add to this gamble the competition he faces from other males also on the delicate arena of the web, and you have a complex optimization problem that even human analysts would find daunting. Yet these little spiders barely have what we would recognize as a brain. How then do they manage?
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Diagnosis from the sky: Catching insect infestations within forests before it’s too late
Researchers are working to improve remote sensing technology's ability to detect subtle changes in real-time across the landscape, namely to diagnose insect infestations in forests before irreparable damage is done.
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Glucose control is a key factor for reduced cancer risk in obesity and type 2 diabetes
Good glucose control is important for reduction of cancer risk in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Large durable weight loss, as such, appears to afford protection against cancer, but with good glucose control the number of cancer cases also drops radically, a new study shows.
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Chikungunya, Zika, and Dengue virus incidence in Mexico may be higher than previously reported
Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika viruses have all been recorded in Mexico; however, recent diagnostic advances have improved the accuracy of serological testing. A new study suggests that current estimates of the incidence of arboviruses in Mexico may have been previously underestimated.
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Minimal effort required: A ten-minute run can boost brain processing
Researchers found that as little as ten minutes of moderate-intensity running could benefit mental health. In study participants, both mood and cognitive functions improved, and the activation of bilateral prefrontal subregions associated with cognitive function and mood also increased. These results demonstrate the potential advantages of exercise prescriptions for various conditions including mental health treatment.
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The sunshine vitamin that ‘D’elivers on cardio health
Free from the sun, vitamin D delivers a natural source for one of the hormones essential to our bodies, especially the bones. But when you're down on this essential nutrient, it's not only your bones that could suffer, but also your cardio health, according to new research.
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Spaceflight wreaks havoc on liver metabolism
Researchers have demonstrated that microgravity and other environmental factors in space play different roles in inducing oxidative stress, which, in turn, alters the metabolism of sulfur-containing compounds in the liver of mice. The study highlighted steps that can be taken, such as boosting antioxidant capacity with dietary supplements, to safeguard astronaut health.
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Glucose control is a key factor for reduced cancer risk in obesity and type 2 diabetes
Good glucose control is important for reduction of cancer risk in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Large durable weight loss, as such, appears to afford protection against cancer, but with good glucose control the number of cancer cases also drops radically, a new study shows.
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X-ray laser reveals how radiation damage arises
An international research team has used the X-ray laser European XFEL to gain new insights into how radiation damage occurs in biological tissue. The study reveals in detail how water molecules are broken apart by high-energy radiation, creating potentially hazardous radicals and electrically charged ions, which can go on to trigger harmful reactions in the organism.
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Big gaps in quest to sequence genomes of all animals
Efforts to sequence the genomes of the world's animals tend to focus on those that most resemble humans with the work conducted almost entirely in the Global North, according to new analysis. Researchers warn current efforts are overlooking huge swathes of diversity and opportunity. Their analysis found that nearly 3,300 animal species have had their genomes sequenced and assembled, a process that gives organizational context to an organism's DNA. While the rate is picking up, the number is small in comparison to the world's 1.66 million animal species, and vertebrates make up the lion's share of current sequences. They account for 54% of all the assemblies, despite representing only 3.9% of animal species. In contrast, the invertebrates of the Arthropoda phylum, which includes insects and spiders, comprise only 34% of current datasets while representing 78.5% of all species.
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Microplastic pollution aids antibiotic resistance
Microplastics dispersed in the environment may enhance antibiotic resistance. A study found the chemical-leaching plastics draw bacteria and other vectors and make them susceptible to antibiotic resistant genes.
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Trees are biggest methane ‘vents’ in wetland areas – even when they’re dry
Most of the methane gas emitted from Amazon wetlands regions is vented into the atmosphere via tree root systems -- with significant emissions occurring even when the ground is not flooded, say researchers.
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Sunday, December 5, 2021
Saturday, December 4, 2021
Probiotics improve nausea and vomiting in pregnancy
Researchers found that probiotics significantly improve the symptoms of pregnancy-related nausea, vomiting and constipation. Nausea and vomiting affect about 85% of pregnancies and can significantly impact quality of life, particularly during early pregnancy.
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Nasal problem plagued long-nosed crocodile relatives
Research finds that humans have more in common with endangered crocodiles than we think -- namely, a deviated septum.
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Probiotics improve nausea and vomiting in pregnancy
Researchers found that probiotics significantly improve the symptoms of pregnancy-related nausea, vomiting and constipation. Nausea and vomiting affect about 85% of pregnancies and can significantly impact quality of life, particularly during early pregnancy.
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3D fault information improves alert accuracy for earthquake early warning
Three-dimensional fault models are generally more accurate than two-dimensional line models at sending ground shaking alerts to the correct areas as part of an earthquake early warning system, according to a new study.
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How you speak up at work can affect whether you’re picked for a team
Business leaders and management experts often encourage people to speak up in the workplace. Suggesting a creative idea or a more efficient way to work can help companies overcome challenges and meet goals. But new research shows another, more subtle and often overlooked form of speaking up has a big effect on the way work gets done and how teams come together.
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Understanding mouthfeel of food using physics
Our understanding of how microscopic structure and changes in the shape of food affect food texture remains underdeveloped, so researchers from Denmark and Germany conducted a series of experiments relating food microstructure and rheology to texture. They used coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy to relate the molecular makeup of the fat in foods with the rheological and mechanical properties of the food. The foods in question: foie gras and pâté.
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Printing technique creates effective skin equivalent, heals wounds
Researchers have developed an approach to print skin equivalents, which may play a future role in facilitating the healing of chronic wounds. They used suspended layer additive manufacturing, creating a gel-like material to support the skin equivalent that can then support a second phase of gel injection. During printing, the skin layers are deposited within the support gel. After printing, the team washed away the support material, leaving behind the layered skin equivalent.
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ALS therapy should target brain, not just spine
The brain is indeed a target for treating ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), scientists have discovered. This flips a long-standing belief the disease starts in the spinal motor neurons and any therapy would need to target the spine as the key focus. The new study shows the brain degenerates early in ALS, sends warning signals and shows defects very early in the disease. Degeneration of brain motor neurons is not merely a byproduct of the spinal motor neuron degeneration, as had been previously thought.
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Predicting protein-protein interactions
Scientists have collaborated to build a structurally-motivated deep learning method built from recent advances in neural language modeling. The team's deep-learning model, called D-SCRIPT, was able to predict protein-protein interactions (PPIs) from primary amino acid sequences.
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Gene discoveries give new hope to people who stutter
Researchers describe a 'genetic architecture' for developmental stuttering and report the discovery of new genetic variations associated with the condition.
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Predicting protein-protein interactions
Scientists have collaborated to build a structurally-motivated deep learning method built from recent advances in neural language modeling. The team's deep-learning model, called D-SCRIPT, was able to predict protein-protein interactions (PPIs) from primary amino acid sequences.
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Where did western honey bees come from? New research finds the sweet spot
For decades, scientists have hotly debated the origin of the western honey bee. Now, new research has discovered these popular honey-producing bees most likely originated in Asia.
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Brain drain: Scientists explain why neurons consume so much fuel even when at rest
Pound for pound, the brain consumes vastly more energy than other organs, and, puzzlingly, it remains a fuel-guzzler even when its neurons are not firing signals called neurotransmitters to each other. Now researchers have found that the process of packaging neurotransmitters may be responsible for this energy drain.
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Where did western honey bees come from? New research finds the sweet spot
For decades, scientists have hotly debated the origin of the western honey bee. Now, new research has discovered these popular honey-producing bees most likely originated in Asia.
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Friday, December 3, 2021
Immune system-stimulating nanoparticle could lead to more powerful vaccines
Researchers designed a new nanoparticle adjuvant that may be more potent than others now in use. Studies in mice showed it significantly improved antibody production following vaccination against HIV, diphtheria and influenza.
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Daytime meals may reduce health risks linked to night shift work
A small clinical trial has found that eating during the nighttime -- like many shift workers do -- can increase glucose levels, while eating only during the daytime might prevent the higher glucose levels now linked with a nocturnal work life.
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Daytime meals may reduce health risks linked to night shift work
A small clinical trial has found that eating during the nighttime -- like many shift workers do -- can increase glucose levels, while eating only during the daytime might prevent the higher glucose levels now linked with a nocturnal work life.
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Climate adaptation of households compared internationally
The UN climate conference in Glasgow in 2021 had a clear message: climate adaptation is required of everyone; from governments to individuals around the world. Researchers have now investigated the drivers of what motivates or hinders people in different cultures in climate adaptation.
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Thursday, December 2, 2021
Shining new light on elusive flying bats
How can we understand the activity of wild bats? Mostly soundless, flying in the dark, bats feed at night and evade our senses. Now, an international research team has developed a new non-invasive method 'bat point counts' by combining modern sensing technologies -- thermal, ultrasonic and near-infrared -- to detect, identify and count all bats flying around in a certain range.
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Most dog breeds highly inbred
The majority of dog breeds are highly inbred, contributing to an increase in disease and health care costs throughout their lifespan, according to new research.
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Air quality models can improve the accuracy of forecasts of daily solar power production in the future
The expansion of renewable energies is placing increasing demands on the power grids. Precise forecasts of the amount of solar power that will be fed into the grid is key to effective energy management. In addition to clouds, aerosol particles also strongly influence the amount of electricity generated by photovoltaic systems. Current air quality models are a good basis for estimating the production of solar electricity, but they could be further improved.
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Harnessing the organization of the cell surface
Scientists have developed a new method to determine how proteins are organized on the surface of cells. Insights gained with the technology could lead to the development of novel drugs to fight cancer.
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Exploring carbon storage deep beneath the seabed
A new study sheds light on the way salty water acts in deep-sea aquifers, paving the way for further research into carbon storage deep beneath the seabed.
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Harnessing the organization of the cell surface
Scientists have developed a new method to determine how proteins are organized on the surface of cells. Insights gained with the technology could lead to the development of novel drugs to fight cancer.
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Stroke may be triggered by anger, emotional upset and heavy physical exertion
A global study into causes of stroke has found that one in 11 survivors experienced a period of anger or upset in the one hour leading up to it. One in 20 patients had engaged in heavy physical exertion. The suspected triggers have been identified as part of the global INTERSTROKE study, which analyzed 13,462 cases of acute stroke, involving patients with a range of ethnic backgrounds in 32 countries.
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Parent-teacher relationship vital to home schooling
A research survey of primary school teachers in England has emphasized the importance of the relationship between parents and primary schools during lockdown school closures. 84% of teachers said they felt some pupils were disadvantaged by their home circumstances.
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Light-powered soft robots could suck up oil spills
A floating, robotic film could be trained to hoover oil spills at sea or remove contaminants from drinking water.
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Aircraft reveal a surprisingly strong Southern Ocean carbon sink
The Southern Ocean is indeed a significant carbon sink -- absorbing a large amount of the excess carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere by human activities -- according to a new study.
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Plant pathogen evades immune system by targeting the microbiome
Biologists have discovered how a pathogenic fungus can bypass the immune system of plants. By releasing an 'effector' molecule, it avoids elimination at a critical stage in its reproduction cycle.
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Two-photon microscope provides unprecedented brain-imaging ability
Advancing our understanding of the human brain will require new insights into how neural circuitry works in mammals, including laboratory mice. These investigations require monitoring brain activity with a microscope that provides resolution high enough to see individual neurons and their neighbors.
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Growing carbon footprint for plastics
After analyzing the global plastics supply chain, researchers found that the impact of plastics on the climate and health is greater than thought due to the increased use of coal for process heat, electricity and as a raw material in production.
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Brief period of ‘blindness’ is essential for vision
Vision scientists have uncovered new information about the role of tiny 'fixational' eye movements in enabling us to see clearly.
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Language used by researchers to describe human populations has evolved over the last 70 years
Researchers have found that the words that scientists use to describe human populations -- such as race, ancestry, and ethnicity -- significantly changed from 1949 to 2018. Such changes and their timing, along with new descriptors for certain population groups, may be linked to structural racism, social trends, and how people view social constructs such as race.
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Two-photon microscope provides unprecedented brain-imaging ability
Advancing our understanding of the human brain will require new insights into how neural circuitry works in mammals, including laboratory mice. These investigations require monitoring brain activity with a microscope that provides resolution high enough to see individual neurons and their neighbors.
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Scientists pinpoint protein’s role in critical gene expression
New research has implications for cancer research because it explains part of the paradox for how cells can transcribe genes in the absence of high-energy sources, a situation that unfolds in cancer and has puzzled researchers for years.
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How does the climate crisis affect the Antarctic fur seal?
The climate crisis is limiting the availability of krill -- small crustaceans that are vital in the marine food chain -- during summer in some areas of the Antarctica. This involves a decrease in the food abundance for female Antarctic fur seals in summer and a decrease in their reproductive success. Moreover, the predation of pups by the leopard seal has also increased due to a lower abundance of penguins, the main prey of this voracious Antarctic predator. However, the impact of the climate crisis on the Antarctic fur seal in winter has been ignored to date, when the cold, wind and ice make it harder to study the Antarctic ecosystems.
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Strategies to improve sales of imperfect carrots
Explaining the value of misshapen vegetables -- that they are as healthful as their picture-perfect counterparts and buying them helps reduce food waste -- could help improve sales of 'ugly' produce, new research suggests.
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Scientists pinpoint protein’s role in critical gene expression
New research has implications for cancer research because it explains part of the paradox for how cells can transcribe genes in the absence of high-energy sources, a situation that unfolds in cancer and has puzzled researchers for years.
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Strategies to improve sales of imperfect carrots
Explaining the value of misshapen vegetables -- that they are as healthful as their picture-perfect counterparts and buying them helps reduce food waste -- could help improve sales of 'ugly' produce, new research suggests.
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Studies of children’s stories shows differences in Russian, US approaches to emotion
Recent research of parents in Russia and the United States, as well as children's literature in both countries, highlights how cultural differences in socializing emotions begin before children even start attending school. Specifically, the research found that Russian parents are more likely than U.S. parents to read stories to their children that feature negative emotions, such as fear, anger and sadness.
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Stem cell-based implants successfully secrete insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes
Interim results from a multicenter clinical trial demonstrate insulin secretion from engrafted cells in patients with type 1 diabetes. The safety, tolerability, and efficacy of the implants, which consisted of pancreatic endoderm cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), were tested in 26 patients. While the insulin secreted by the implants did not have clinical effects in the patients, the data are the first reported evidence of meal-regulated insulin secretion by differentiated stem cells in human patients.
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Wednesday, December 1, 2021
Biosensor barcodes identify, detail ‘chatting’ among cancer cells
Ever since the first barcode appeared on a pack of chewing gum in 1974, the now-ubiquitous system has enabled manufacturers, retailers and consumers to quickly and effectively identify, characterize, locate and track products and materials. Scientists now demonstrate how they can do the same thing at the molecular level, studying the ways cancer cells 'talk' with one another.
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Unorthodox 'exercise in a pill' could offer simple solution for at-risk patients
Unique molecular signals in the body sent to our brain and potentially our eyes immediately after we exercise could be key to helping scientists 'bottle up' the benefits of exercise in a pill for at-risk patients.
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Parental stress is a contributing factor linking maternal depression to child anxiety and depressive symptoms
A secondary analysis of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (Fragile Families) found a bi-directional relationship where a mother's mental health symptoms impacted the child's mental health symptoms and vice versa, according to researchers.
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Footprints from site a at Laetoli, Tanzania, are from early humans, not bears
The oldest unequivocal evidence of upright walking in the human lineage are footprints discovered at Laetoli, Tanzania in 1978, by paleontologist Mary Leakey and her team. The bipedal trackways date to 3.7 million years ago. Another set of mysterious footprints was partially excavated at nearby Site A in 1976 but dismissed as possibly being made by a bear. A recent re-excavation of the Site A footprints at Laetoli and a detailed comparative analysis reveal that the footprints were made by an early human -- a bipedal hominin.
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The secret life of Tasmanian devils is hiding in their whiskers
Researchers have mapped the timescale of the Tasmanian devils' whiskers, showing that their whiskers can capture seasonal dietary changes over at least nine months and potentially up to a year.
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Footprints from site a at Laetoli, Tanzania, are from early humans, not bears
The oldest unequivocal evidence of upright walking in the human lineage are footprints discovered at Laetoli, Tanzania in 1978, by paleontologist Mary Leakey and her team. The bipedal trackways date to 3.7 million years ago. Another set of mysterious footprints was partially excavated at nearby Site A in 1976 but dismissed as possibly being made by a bear. A recent re-excavation of the Site A footprints at Laetoli and a detailed comparative analysis reveal that the footprints were made by an early human -- a bipedal hominin.
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When variations in Earth's orbit drive biological evolution
Coccolithophores are microscopic algae that form tiny limestone plates, called coccoliths, around their single cells. They are responsible for half of the limestone produced in the oceans and therefore play a major role in the carbon cycle and in determining ocean chemistry. A team of scientists show that certain variations in Earth's orbit have influenced the evolution of coccolithophores.
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Deep learning dreams up new protein structures
Using artificial intelligence and deep learning, researchers have developed a neural network that 'hallucinates' the structures of new protein molecules. The scientists made up completely random protein sequences and introduced mutations into them until the neural network predicted they would fold into stable structures. The software was not guided toward a particular outcome; the proteins were just what the computer dreams up. Next step: using deep learning to try to design proteins with particular functions, such as enzymes or drugs.
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