Wednesday, March 31, 2021
Mothers bear the cost of the pandemic shift to remote work
At the same time the pandemic was expanding the number of people working remotely, children nationwide began attending school virtually. The result? An increase in domestic work that fell disproportionately on the shoulders of mothers, according to a new study by sociologists.
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How comorbidities increase risks for COVID patients
Comorbidities such as heart disease, respiratory disease, renal disease and cancer lead to an increased risk of death from COVID-19, according to new research.
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Why SARS-CoV-2 replicates better in the upper respiratory tract
Researchers have assessed virus growth and activation of the cellular defense mechanisms in the respiratory tract. They have shown that natural temperature differences that exist in the upper and lower respiratory tract have a profound influence on SARS-CoV-2 replication and subsequent innate immune activation in human cells. The findings can help to develop antiviral drugs and preventive measures.
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Temperature sensor could help safeguard mRNA vaccines
Researchers have developed a tamper-proof temperature indicator that can alert health care workers when a vial of vaccine reaches an unsafe temperature for a certain period, which could help ensure distribution of effective mRNA vaccines.
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B.1.1.7 variant of COVID-19 spreading rapidly in United States
A genetic analysis of virus samples suggests that the UK-originating variant, which is 40-50 percent more transmissible, entered the country in late November 2020.
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COVID-19-associated seizures may be common, linked to higher risk of death
Some hospitalized patients with COVID-19 experience 'nonconvulsive' seizures detected through electrode tests. Among hospitalized patients with COVID-19, those who had seizures were more likely to need lengthy hospital stays and faced a higher risk of dying.
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Ancient meteoritic impact over Antarctica 430,000 years ago
A research team of international space scientists has found new evidence of a low-altitude meteoritic touchdown event reaching the Antarctic ice sheet 430,000 years ago.
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Deep diamonds contain evidence of deep-Earth recycling processes
Diamonds that formed deep in the Earth's mantle contain evidence of chemical reactions that occurred on the seafloor. Probing these gems can help geoscientists understand how material is exchanged between the planet's surface and its depths.
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450-million-year-old sea creatures had a leg up on breathing
A new study has found the first evidence of sophisticated breathing organs in 450-million-year-old sea creatures. Contrary to previous thought, trilobites were leg breathers, with structures resembling gills hanging off their thighs.
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Fast, portable test can diagnose COVID-19 and track variants
Clinicians using a new viral screening test can not only diagnose COVID-19 in a matter of minutes with a portable, pocket-sized machine, but can also simultaneously test for other viruses -- like influenza -- that might be mistaken for the coronavirus. At the same time, they can sequence the virus, providing valuable information on the spread of COVID-19 mutations and variants.
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Experimental treatment offers hope of fertility for early menopausal women
Menopause typically signals the end of a woman's ability to become pregnant. However, in a small new study, a novel approach of administering platelet-rich plasma and gonadotropins near the ovarian follicles is showing promise in restoring ovarian function.
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How to talk to people about climate change
New research may offer some insight, examining biases towards climate information and offering tools to overcome these and communicate climate change more effectively.
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Tuesday, March 30, 2021
The 'one who causes fear' - new meat-eating predator discovered
Superbly preserved braincase of this new species is an important find - it suggests there was a greater diversity and abundance of abelisaurids late in dinosaurs' era than previously thought.
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Urban squirrels, how much are we disturbing you?
Human disturbance in urban environments makes some squirrels fail, but others perform better in novel problem-solving.
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Endangered songbird challenging assumptions about evolution
New research looked at a newly discovered, endangered songbird located only in South America -- the Iberá Seedeater -- and found that this bird followed a very rare evolutionary path to come into existence at a much faster pace than the grand majority of species.
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Kumon or Montessori? It may depend on your politics, according to new study of 8,500 parents
Whether parents prefer a conformance-oriented or independence-oriented supplemental education program for their children depends on political ideology, according to a study of more than 8,500 American parents.
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Architecture of Eolian successions under icehouse and greenhouse conditions
Anthropogenic climate change is one of the foremost scientific and societal challenges. In part, our response to this global challenge requires an enhanced understanding of how the Earth's surface responds to episodes of climatic heating and cooling.
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Status of greater sage-grouse populations
A new report highlights the decline of greater sage-grouse across the American West while providing a roadmap to aid the conservation of the species.
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Remote-friendly student project presentations enable creativity and risk-taking
In a two-year study that could help guide educators developing the post-pandemic new normal, student groups at the assigned to make video presentations showed more creativity and risk-taking than groups making conventional in-person presentations.
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Scientists develop test to detect the virus that causes COVID-19 even when it mutates
Scientists have developed a diagnostic test, which makes use of CRISPR, that can detect the virus that causes COVID-19 even after it has gone through mutations. Since viruses have the ability to evolve over time, a diagnostic test robust against potential mutations is a crucial tool for tracking and fighting the pandemic.
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An improved safety standard for bionic devices
While bionic devices are very safe, there has been no standard test for moisture leakage into the devices - until now. Researchers say a standard test will be increasingly important as bionic implants become more common.
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Monday, March 29, 2021
Researchers notice pattern on surface of leaves, uncover new clue about plant evolution
A doctoral student has identified a long-overlooked pattern in how plants evolved their equivalent of lungs -- tiny pores on the surfaces of leaves called stomata. Using specialized imaging techniques and a plant species not often found in laboratories, researchers say this discovery reveals a key difference in the evolution of plants that live on land versus those that can grow in water.
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Protein rewires metabolism to block cancer cell death, may allow cancer spread
One specific protein may be a master regulator for changing how cancer cells consume nutrients from their environments, preventing cell death and increasing the likelihood the cancer could spread, a study has shown.
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Drug coupons and vouchers cover only a sliver of prescription drugs
Use of vouchers and coupons offered by pharmaceutical companies to defray patients' out-of-pocket drug costs is concentrated among a small number of drugs.
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Jordan's worsening water crisis a warning for the world
Prolonged and potentially destabilizing water shortages will become commonplace in Jordan by 2100, new research finds, unless the nation implements comprehensive reform, from fixing leaky pipes to desalinating seawater. Jordan's water crisis is emblematic of challenges looming around the world as a result of climate change and rapid population growth.
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Air pollution and physical exercise: When to do more or less
Physical activity is important in preventing heart and blood vessel disease in young people so long as they don't undertake very strenuous activity on days when air pollution levels are high, according to a nationwide study of nearly 1.5 million people published in the European Heart Journal.
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Air pollution and physical exercise: When to do more or less
Physical activity is important in preventing heart and blood vessel disease in young people so long as they don't undertake very strenuous activity on days when air pollution levels are high, according to a nationwide study of nearly 1.5 million people published in the European Heart Journal.
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Mummified parrots point to trade in the ancient Atacama desert
Ancient Egyptians mummified cats, dogs, ibises and other animals, but closer to home in the South American Atacama desert, parrot mummies reveal that between 1100 and 1450 CE, trade from other areas brought parrots and macaws to oasis communities, according to an international and interdisciplinary team.
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Genomic secrets of organisms that thrive in extreme deep-sea
Scientists have decoded the genomes of the deep-sea clam (Archivesica marissinica) and the chemoautotrophic bacteria (Candidatus Vesicomyosocius marissinica) that live in its gill epithelium cells. Through analysis of their genomic structures and profiling of their gene expression patterns, the research team revealed that symbiosis between the two partners enables the clams to thrive in extreme deep-sea environments.
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How will climate change affect hailstorms?
Hail severity will increase in most regions of the world while Australia and Europe are expected to experience more hailstorms as a result of climate change, an international review led by a UNSW Sydney researcher has found.
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Procedures identify Barrett's esophagus patients at risk for cancer progression
A combination of esophageal brushing and extensive genetic sequencing of the sample collected can detect chromosome alterations in people with Barrett's Esophagus, identifying patients at risk for progressing to esophageal cancer, according to a new study.
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Cells rely on their crampons to avoid slipping
Scientists have highlighted the key role of a protein called paxillin, which enables cells to perceive their environment and anchor at the right place with the help of cellular 'crampons'. Indeed, without functional paxillin, the cell is unable to attach properly and slips continuously. These results shed new light on how cells adhere or migrate, mechanisms essential to the good functioning of our organs, but also involved in the development of metastatic tumors.
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Carried with the wind: Mass migration of Larch Budmoth to the Russian High Arctic
In the summer of 2020, hundreds of Larch Budmoths were observed on Vize Island, in the Russian High Arctic, likely transported over 1,200 km by air currents from Siberia. This is the first and only terrestrial invertebrate to ever be discovered on the island. This finding could mean that Vize island is less isolated from insect migrants than was commonly thought.
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Forests on caffeine: Coffee waste can boost forest recovery
A new study finds that coffee pulp, a waste product of coffee production, can be used to speed up tropical forest recovery on post agricultural land.
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People with severe gum disease may be twice as likely to have increased blood pressure
Research shows that periodontitis, severe gum disease, is linked to higher blood pressure in otherwise healthy individuals. This study of 500 adults with and without gum disease found that approximately 50% of adults could have undetected hypertension. Promotion of good oral health could help reduce gum disease and the risk of high blood pressure and its complications.
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Cells rely on their crampons to avoid slipping
Scientists have highlighted the key role of a protein called paxillin, which enables cells to perceive their environment and anchor at the right place with the help of cellular 'crampons'. Indeed, without functional paxillin, the cell is unable to attach properly and slips continuously. These results shed new light on how cells adhere or migrate, mechanisms essential to the good functioning of our organs, but also involved in the development of metastatic tumors.
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Long-term space travelers will need high-intensity exercise to protect heart health
Sustained low-intensity exercise does not completely counteract the effects of weightlessness on the heart muscle, which will atrophy over time in a gravity-free environment. Short bursts of repeated high-intensity activity during shorter space missions may be more successful in keeping the heart healthy.
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Sunday, March 28, 2021
Saturday, March 27, 2021
Controlling bubble formation on electrodes
A new study finds the wettability of porous electrode surfaces is key to making efficient water-splitting or carbon-capturing systems.
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Hypnosis changes the way our brain processes information
In a new study, researchers showcased that the way our brain processes information is fundamentally altered during hypnosis. The research helps to understand how hypnosis produces changes in a hypnotized person's behavior and subjective experiences.
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Correcting altered brain circuit could tackle coinciding obesity and depression
Researchers have identified and characterized a novel neural circuit that mediates the reciprocal control of obesity and depression in mouse models, and a potential therapy.
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The persistent danger after landscape fires
Every year, an estimated four percent of the world's vegetated land surface burns, leaving more than 250 megatons of carbonized plants behind. A study has now recorded elevated concentrations of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFR) in these charcoals - in some cases even up to five years after the fire. These EPFR may generate reactive substances, which in turn harm plants and living organisms.
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A general approach to high-efficiency perovskite solar cells
Researchers developed a general methodology for the reproducible fabrication of high efficiency perovskite solar cells.
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Friday, March 26, 2021
Cholesterol may be key to new therapies for Alzheimer's disease, diabetes
A researcher examined the role of cholesterol in both Alzheimer's disease and Type 2 diabetes to identify a small molecule that may help regulate cholesterol levels in the brain, making it a potential new therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.
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California's diesel emissions rules reduce air pollution, protect vulnerable communities
Since 1990, California has used its authority under the federal Clean Air Act to enact more aggressive rules on emissions from diesel vehicles and engines compared to the rest of the U.S. Extending these standards to the rest of the U.S. could dramatically improve the nation's air quality and health, particularly in lower income communities of color, finds a new analysis.
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Researchers harvest energy from radio waves to power wearable devices
From microwave ovens to Wi-Fi connections, the radio waves that permeate the environment are not just signals of energy consumed but are also sources of energy themselves. An international team of researchers has developed a way to harvest energy from radio waves to power wearable devices.
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California's diesel emissions rules reduce air pollution, protect vulnerable communities
Since 1990, California has used its authority under the federal Clean Air Act to enact more aggressive rules on emissions from diesel vehicles and engines compared to the rest of the U.S. Extending these standards to the rest of the U.S. could dramatically improve the nation's air quality and health, particularly in lower income communities of color, finds a new analysis.
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Thursday, March 25, 2021
Exposure to flame retardants early in pregnancy linked to premature birth
Expectant women are more likely to give birth early if they have high blood levels of a chemical used in flame retardants compared with those who have limited exposure, a new study finds.
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Moderate daily caffeine intake during pregnancy may lead to smaller birth size
Pregnant women who consumed the caffeine equivalent of as little as half a cup of coffee a day on average had slightly smaller babies than pregnant women who did not consume caffeinated beverages, according to a new study.
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Wisdom, loneliness and your intestinal multitude
Scientists have taken the connection between wisdom, loneliness and biology one step further, reporting that wisdom and loneliness appear to influence -- and/or be influenced by -- microbial diversity of the gut.
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Exposure to flame retardants early in pregnancy linked to premature birth
Expectant women are more likely to give birth early if they have high blood levels of a chemical used in flame retardants compared with those who have limited exposure, a new study finds.
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Ocean's mammals at crucial crossroads
The ocean's mammals are at a crucial crossroads - with some at risk of extinction and others showing signs of recovery, researchers say.
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Changes in ocean chemistry show how sea level affects global carbon cycle
A new analysis of strontium isotopes in marine sediments has enabled scientists to reconstruct fluctuations in ocean chemistry related to changing climate conditions over the past 35 million years. The results provide new insights into the inner workings of the global carbon cycle and, in particular, the processes by which carbon is removed from the environment through the deposition of carbonates.
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Moderate daily caffeine intake during pregnancy may lead to smaller birth size
Pregnant women who consumed the caffeine equivalent of as little as half a cup of coffee a day on average had slightly smaller babies than pregnant women who did not consume caffeinated beverages, according to a new study.
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New documentation: Old-growth forest carbon sinks overestimated
The claim that old-growth forests play a significant role in climate mitigation, based upon the argument that even the oldest forests keep sucking CO2 out of the atmosphere, is being refuted. Researchers document that this argument is based upon incorrectly analyzed data and that the climate mitigation effect of old and unmanaged forests has been greatly overestimated. Nevertheless, they reassert the importance of old-growth forest for biodiversity.
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Wisdom, loneliness and your intestinal multitude
Scientists have taken the connection between wisdom, loneliness and biology one step further, reporting that wisdom and loneliness appear to influence -- and/or be influenced by -- microbial diversity of the gut.
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'Climbing droplets' could lead to more efficient water harvesting
Researchers have discovered that a novel surface they developed to harvest water from the air encourages tiny water droplets to move spontaneously into larger droplets. When researchers placed microdroplets of water on their liquid-lubricant surface, the microdroplets propelled themselves to climb, without external force, into larger droplets along an oily, ramp-shaped meniscus that forms from the lubricant around the larger droplets. The 'coarsening droplet phenomenon' formed droplets large enough for harvesting.
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Ancient megafaunal mutualisms and extinctions as factors in plant domestication
The development of agriculture is often thought of as a human innovation in response to climate change or population pressure. A new manuscript challenges that concept, suggesting that plants that had already evolved adaptive traits for life among large-bodied grazing and browsing animals were more likely to prosper on a highly disturbed anthropogenic landscape.
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Arctic sponge survival in the extreme deep-sea
Researchers from the SponGES project collected year-round video footage and hydrodynamic data from the mysterious world of a deep-sea sponge ground in the Arctic.
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New insights into close encounters between albatross and fishing vessels
A novel analysis of encounters between albatross and commercial fishing vessels across the North Pacific Ocean is giving researchers important new understanding about seabird-vessel interactions that could help reduce harmful encounters.
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Greenland caves: Time travel to a warm Arctic
An international team of scientists presents an analysis of sediments from a cave in northeast Greenland, that cover a time period between about 588,000 to 549,000 years ago. This interval was warmer and wetter than today, the cave deposits provide an outlook in a possible future warmer world due to climate change.
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Want a longer, healthier life? Resolve your arguments by day's end
A recent study found that when people feel they have resolved an argument, the emotional response associated with that disagreement is significantly reduced and, in some situations, almost entirely erased.
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A novel marker of adult human neural stem cells discovered
Researchers have discovered BASP-1, a novel biomarker of adult human neural stem cells. With this newly discovered biomarker, scientists can better understand the relevance and intricate mechanisms of neurogenesis, which may lead to new future therapeutic approaches to treat and manage neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders associated with diminished neurogenesis.
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Lung cancer resistance: the key is glucose
Lung tumors are home to immune cells that affect their growth and resistance to treatment. Looking at neutrophils, scientists led by EPFL have discovered that the key might lie in the cells' ability to metabolize glucose, opening an entirely new target for improving radiotherapy.
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Female salmon are dying at higher rates than male salmon
Female adult sockeye from the Fraser River are dying at significantly higher rates than their male counterparts on the journey back to their spawning grounds, finds new research. For every male salmon that doesn't make it to their natal stream, at least two, sometimes three female salmon die.
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Lighting up bone repair
Researchers from TMDU fabricated a bright fluorescent bone replacement material, based on a precursor to bone tissue that's common in medical practice. The material will be useful in bone repair and dental implants, and facilitate bone regrowth while providing new diagnostic and prognostic functionalities.
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Tiny currents may impact vital ocean food source
Copepods are a vital part of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. A team of researchers recently published findings that shed light on how these miniature marvels move and cluster in the ocean.
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Floating solar farms could help reduce impacts of climate change on lakes and reservoirs
Floating solar farms could help to protect lakes and reservoirs from some of the harms of climate change, a new study suggests. However, given the complex nature of water bodies and differing designs of solar technologies, there could also be detrimental ecosystem impacts of deploying floating solar arrays.
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Study illuminates the molecular details of lung development
Findings from a new study on lung development should empower the search for better treatments for lung diseases.
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Searching for hints of new physics in the subatomic world
Quantum chromodynamics, or QCD, is the theory of the strong interaction between quarks and gluons. Lattice QCD uses supercomputers to explore 'tantalizing hints' of new physics in discrepancies between experimental and theoretical results. Carleton DeTar and Steven Gottlieb, two of the leading contemporary scholars of QCD research, are using the Frontera supercomputer at the Texas Advanced Computing Center to explore the 'anomalous magnetic moment of the muon' and measurements of the decay of B mesons.
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Shining a healing light on the brain
Scientists report a novel noninvasive treatment for brain disorders based on breakthroughs in both optics and genetics. It involves stimulation of neurons by means of radioluminescent nanoparticles injected into the brain and exposed to X-rays.
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Zooming in on muscle cells
An international team has produced the first high-resolution 3D image of the sarcomere, the basic contractile unit of skeletal and heart muscle cells, by using electron cryo-tomography. Electron cryo-tomography capability of imaging structures directly in frozen muscle cells could translate into future medical treatments for muscle diseases and a better understanding of the aging process.
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Deadly heat waves will be common in South Asia, even at 1.5 degrees of warming
A new study projecting the amount of heat stress residents of the region will experience in the future finds with 2 degrees Celsius of warming, the population's exposure to heat stress will nearly triple.
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Zooming in on muscle cells
An international team has produced the first high-resolution 3D image of the sarcomere, the basic contractile unit of skeletal and heart muscle cells, by using electron cryo-tomography. Electron cryo-tomography capability of imaging structures directly in frozen muscle cells could translate into future medical treatments for muscle diseases and a better understanding of the aging process.
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For ancient farmers facing climate change, more grazing meant more resilience
Humans are remarkably adaptable, and our ancestors have survived challenges like the changing climate in the past. Now, research is providing insight into how people who lived over 5,000 years ago managed to adapt.
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Pollutant levels after Hurricane Harvey exceeded lifetime cancer risk in some areas
The unprecedented rainfall from Hurricane Harvey in 2017 brought more than flood damage to southeast Texas. For people living in environmental justice communities such as the Manchester neighborhood near the Houston Ship Channel, heavy rainfall and flooding may have increased risks of exposure to harmful chemicals from nearby industry.
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Wednesday, March 24, 2021
Dow-like index for energy prices might help smooth transition to clean power
Since the early industrial revolution in the mid-1700s, fossil fuels have acquired an ever-growing footprint in energy production. However, the environmental concerns of fossil fuels use and their inevitable depletion have led to a global shift toward renewable energy sources. These transitions, however, raise questions about the best choice of renewables and the impact of investing in these resources on consumer cost.
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Waste from making purple corn chips yields a natural dye, supplements, kitty litter
The more colorful a food, the more nutritious it probably is. For example, purple corn contains compounds associated with a reduced risk of developing diabetes and heart disease. The cobs contain the same compounds but are typically thrown out. Now, researchers report a step-wise biorefinery approach that uses the whole cob, producing a dye and a possible nutraceutical with the pigments, and an animal litter with the left-overs.
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Tuesday, March 23, 2021
Rugby study identifies new method to diagnose concussion using saliva
A study of top-flight UK rugby players has identified a method of accurately diagnosing concussion using saliva, paving the way for the first non-invasive clinical test for concussion.
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Researchers hunt for drugs that keep HIV latent
When the human immunodeficiency virus infects cells, it can either exploit the cells to start making more copies of itself or remain dormant -- a phenomenon called latency. Keeping these reservoirs latent is a challenge. A new paper has found a way to look for chemicals that can keep the virus suppressed into its dormant state.
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BMI1, a promising gene to protect against Alzheimer's disease
A molecular biologist discovers a new function for BMI1, which is known to counteract brain aging.
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Exercise boosts blood flow to the brain, study finds
It's not just your legs and heart that get a workout when you walk briskly; exercise affects your brain as well. A new study shows that when older adults with mild memory loss followed an exercise program for a year, the blood flow to their brains increased.
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Total knee replacement a cost-effective treatment for patients with knee osteoarthritis
Taking into consideration costs of forgoing versus pursuing total knee replacement, researchers found that across older and younger age groups, TKR is a cost-effective treatment for these patients.
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Reading minds with ultrasound: A less-invasive technique to decode the brain's intentions
A new brain imaging application uses ultrasound to predict intended movements before they happen.
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Changes in Antarctic marine ecosystems
Understanding the evolution of the polar sea ice is not enough to study the effects of the climate change on marine ecosystems in Antarctic seafloors. It is also necessary to determine the intensity of phytoplankton local production during the Antarctic summer.
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With drop in LA's vehicular aerosol pollution, vegetation emerges as major source
Organic aerosol pollutants have decreased in the Los Angeles area due to strict vehicle emissions controls, but aerosol levels still rise in hot weather to unhealthful levels. While some attribute these aerosols to household cleaning products, researchers have identified a more probable cause: chemicals emitted by vegetation. Given the number of trees in LA, like the isoprene-emiting Mexican fan palm, it's likely that 25% of organic aerosols are from plants.
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New technology allows researchers to image wetland soil activity in real time
Researchers to create a new camera allowing for the imaging of wetland soil activity in real time. This camera gives the classic IRIS (indicator of reduction in soils) technology a big upgrade, allowing researchers to visualize the soil reduction process. This technology opens up new research avenues, and gives a compelling peak at how biochemically active wetland soils really are.
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A divided visual field
How do hawkmoths use visual patterns in different parts of their visual field? While researching this question, a research team experienced a surprise.
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Highlands of diversity: Another new chameleon from the Bale region, Ethiopia
Once again, the importance of the Bale Mountains in Ethiopia as a unique hotspot of species diversity is stressed: a new chameleon species from the northern slopes of this remarkable Afromontane plateau was just discovered.
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New basalt type discovered beneath the ocean
A new type of rock created during large and exceptionally hot volcanic eruptions has been discovered beneath the Pacific Ocean.
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Monday, March 22, 2021
Refining the hunt for SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater
A new study determines the best method yet for finding signs of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, in municipal wastewater.
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Study outlines testing strategies for safer air travel during the pandemic
Almost 90 percent of infectious travelers could be detected with rapid SARS-CoV-2 tests at the airport, and most imported infections could be prevented with a combination of pre-travel testing and a five-day post-travel quarantine that would only lift with a negative test result, according to new research.
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High vitamin D levels may protect against COVID-19, especially for Black people, study suggests
In a retrospective study of individuals tested for COVID-19, vitamin D levels above those traditionally considered sufficient were associated with a lower risk of COVID-19.
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Long-haul COVID: Physicians review what's known
With more patients complaining of lingering and chronic effects from COVID-19, experts review what's known and why care for long-haulers requires an interdisciplinary approach.
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As more are vaccinated, it makes economic sense to gradually open the economy, study finds
Researchers conducted a data analysis that has found that as a larger portion of the population gets vaccinated against COVID-19, it becomes economically advantageous to start relaxing social distancing measures and open businesses.
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Refining the hunt for SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater
A new study determines the best method yet for finding signs of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, in municipal wastewater.
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COVID-19 pandemic severely impacts mental health of young people
The COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted the mental health of young people, with increased levels of clinical depression being identified, a new study reports. A decrease in alcohol consumption was also identified amongst young people during the pandemic.
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Study identifies concerning delays in TB diagnoses in the United States
Most delays ranged between 10 and 45 days, with a median of 24 days, after a visit to a doctor, which exceeds current World Health Organization recommendations of diagnosing and treating TB within two to three weeks of symptom onset. Delays were linked to greater risk for disease complications, transmission of infection to household members Older individuals and those with compromised immunity were at greater risk for delayed diagnoses
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Fans prefer teams that built success over time more than teams that bought wins with purchased superstars, research finds
A new study shows people were willing to root more for the teams built over time than those assembled from free agency and deep-pocketed owners.
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A strong coffee half an hour before exercising increases fat-burning
In the afternoon, the effects of the caffeine are more marked than in the morning.
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Fruit fly egg takes an active hand in its own growth, highlighting parallels to mammals
Scientists discover bidirectional communication between the Drosophila oocyte and nurse cells, challenging the long-held view that the oocyte plays a passive role in development. These findings have implications for understanding development in mammals.
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Explosive origins of 'secondary' ice and snow
Scientists publish new direct evidence that shattering drizzle droplets drive explosive 'ice multiplication' events. The findings have implications for weather forecasts, climate modeling, water supplies -- and even energy and transportation infrastructure.
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What early-budding trees tell us about genetics, climate change
Late frosts have caused millions of dollars in losses for orchards over the years. Scientists are investigating the genes that tell trees when to bud out and blossom. A deep understanding of the genetics of bud-break enables scientists to modify or select crop varieties more resilient to late frost, warming winters, diseases and pests.
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Why commercialization of carbon capture and sequestration has failed and how it can work
There are 12 essential attributes that explain why commercial carbon capture and sequestration projects succeed or fail in the U.S., researchers say.
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Medical cannabis can reduce essential tremor: Turns on overlooked cells in central nervous system
Medical cannabis can reduce essential tremor in mice. By injecting a specific synthetic cannabinoid into the spinal cord of mice suffering from essential tremor, researchers have shown that the drug can reduce involuntary shaking - as the cannabinoid activates a particular type of cell, the so-called astrocytes.
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Starving tumors by blocking glutamine uptake
Scientists have identified a drug candidate that blocks the uptake of glutamine, a key food source for many tumors, and slows the growth of melanoma.
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Inflammation and pressure-sensing leads to 'feed-forward' loop in osteoarthritis
An unfortunate biological 'feed-forward' loop drives cartilage cells in an arthritic joint to actually contribute to progression of the disease, say researchers. Excessive loading under inflammatory conditions can create a situation that can lead to progressive cartilage degeneration.
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Why commercialization of carbon capture and sequestration has failed and how it can work
There are 12 essential attributes that explain why commercial carbon capture and sequestration projects succeed or fail in the U.S., researchers say.
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Sunday, March 21, 2021
'Hunger hormone' ghrelin affects monetary decision making
Higher levels of the stomach-derived hormone ghrelin, which stimulates appetite, predict a greater preference for smaller immediate monetary rewards over larger delayed financial rewards, a new study finds.
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Weekly insulin helps patients with type 2 diabetes achieve similar blood sugar control to daily insulin
A new once-weekly basal insulin injection demonstrated similar efficacy and safety and a lower rate of low blood sugar episodes compared with a daily basal insulin, according to a phase 2 clinical trial. The study results compared an investigational drug called basal insulin Fc (BIF) with insulin degludec, a commercially available long-lasting daily insulin, in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Medical cannabis can reduce essential tremor: Turns on overlooked cells in central nervous system
Medical cannabis can reduce essential tremor in mice. By injecting a specific synthetic cannabinoid into the spinal cord of mice suffering from essential tremor, researchers have shown that the drug can reduce involuntary shaking - as the cannabinoid activates a particular type of cell, the so-called astrocytes.
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New antibiotic clears multi-drug resistant gonorrhea in mice in single dose
A new antibiotic compound clears infection of multi-drug resistant gonorrhea in mice in a single oral dose, according to a new study. The compound targets a molecular pathway found in bacteria but not humans and could lead to new treatments for gonorrhea and infections from other bacteria, such as tuberculosis and MRSA.
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How our microplastic waste becomes 'hubs' for pathogens, antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Researchers have shown that ubiquitous microplastics can become 'hubs' for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and pathogens to grow once they wash down household drains and enter wastewater treatment plants -- forming a slimy layer of buildup, or biofilm, on their surface that allows pathogenic microorganisms and antibiotic waste to attach and comingle.
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Tropical species are moving northward in U.S. as winters warm
Climate change is reducing the number of sub-freezing days over much of the American South, providing an opportunity for cold-sensitive tropical species -- mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects, trees, shrubs and grasses -- to move northward, potentially displacing temperate species. Mosquitoes could bring infectious diseases farther north. The southern pine beetle is already moving north and devastating pine forests. While some may welcome manatees and sea turtles, few look forward to the spread of Burmese pythons.
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New antibiotic clears multi-drug resistant gonorrhea in mice in single dose
A new antibiotic compound clears infection of multi-drug resistant gonorrhea in mice in a single oral dose, according to a new study. The compound targets a molecular pathway found in bacteria but not humans and could lead to new treatments for gonorrhea and infections from other bacteria, such as tuberculosis and MRSA.
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Carbon uptake in regrowing Amazon forest threatened by climate and human disturbance
Large areas of forests regrowing in the Amazon to help reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, are being limited by climate and human activity.
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Endocrine disruptors threatens semen quality
Epidemiologists analyzed the potential impact of endocrine disruptors on semen quality of men whose mothers were working at the early stages of their pregnancy. Their results show that men who have been exposed in utero to products known to contain endocrine disruptors are twice more likely to have semen volume and total sperm count per ejaculation below the reference values set by the WHO.
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Hidden genetic defects contain real risks for serious diseases
Researchers have gained insight into the 'hidden genetic defects' of the general European population. This is important because these defects, if inherited from both father and mother, can lead to all kinds of illnesses in their children. Research in the Dutch and Estonian population shows that every person has two to four such hidden genetic defects.
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How flashlight fish communicate with light signals in the school
Flashlight fish have the ability to generate situation-specific blink patterns resembling a visual Morse code. Researchers have shown in laboratory and field experiments that the animals use these light signals to coordinate their behavior in the school when visibility is limited. Both the light intensity and the blinking frequency affected the animals' behavior.
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Health declining in Gen X and Gen Y, US study shows
Recent generations show a worrying decline in health compared to their parents and grandparents when they were the same age, a new national study reveals. Researchers found that, compared to previous generations, members of Generation X and Generation Y showed poorer physical health, higher levels of unhealthy behaviors such as alcohol use and smoking, and more depression and anxiety.
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Difficulty learning nonsense words may indicate a child's high risk of dyslexia
A combined brain-scanning and behavior study has explored dyslexia in 7 & 8-year-old children learning how to read. Dyslexic youngsters were shown to have different activation in the left hemisphere compared to the control group - the area of the brain that specializes in processing language and speech. A related study by the group also found that self-confidence in reading ability helps young readers overcome some of the symptoms of dyslexia.
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How RNA editing affects the immune system
Researchers offer new insight into how the immune system relates to cancer. A new articl looks at how an enzyme called ADAR1 operates in pathways associated with cancer.
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Study shows stronger brain activity after writing on paper than on tablet or smartphone
A study of university students and recent graduates has revealed that writing on physical paper can lead to more brain activity when remembering the information an hour later. Researchers say that the unique, complex, spatial and tactile information associated with writing by hand on physical paper is likely what leads to improved memory.
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Combination therapy may provide significant protection against lethal influenza
A significant proportion of hospitalized patients with influenza develop complications of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Investigators have found that treatment with an immune receptor blocker in combination with an antiviral agent markedly improves survival of mice infected with lethal influenza and reduces lung pathology in swine-influenza-infected piglets. Their research also provides insights into the optimal timing of treatment to prevent acute lung injury.
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Chemical cocktail creates new avenues for generating muscle stem cells
A research team has identified a chemical cocktail that enables the production of large numbers of muscle stem cells, which can self-renew and give rise to all types of skeletal muscle cells.
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Pancreatic cancer tumors use multiple mechanisms to avoid starvation: new target for treatment?
Researchers describe how pancreatic cancer cells use an alternative method to find necessary nutrients, defying current therapies, to help them grow and spread.
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Turns out altruism is for the fish
Through a series of prosocial choice tasks, researchers reveal prosocial and antisocial characteristics in male convict cichlid fish. The fish distinguish between female breeding partners, unknown females, and rival males by adjusting their actions to either provide food for both them and the females or avoid providing food for the rival males.
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Combination therapy may provide significant protection against lethal influenza
A significant proportion of hospitalized patients with influenza develop complications of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Investigators have found that treatment with an immune receptor blocker in combination with an antiviral agent markedly improves survival of mice infected with lethal influenza and reduces lung pathology in swine-influenza-infected piglets. Their research also provides insights into the optimal timing of treatment to prevent acute lung injury.
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New analysis shows potential for 'solar canals' in California
Researchers published a new study that suggests covering California's 6,350 km network of public water delivery canals with solar panels could be an economically feasible means of advancing both renewable energy and water conservation.
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Biofluorescent fish discovered in the Arctic
Scientists have now documented biofluorescence in an Arctic fish species. The red-and-green-glowing snailfish was found in the icy waters off Greenland.
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How gamblers plan their actions to maximize rewards
A study in biological psychology has shown that habitual gamblers use strategies during reinforcement learning that differ from those of the control group. This difference could be caused by changes in the dopamine system that influence strategic planning.
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Anti-inflammatory therapies have potential to prevent heart disease in the elderly
Therapies that soothe inflammation could be effective at preventing heart disease in older people with a common blood condition, a new study suggests.
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Dieting suppresses 'cellular engines', weight loss surgery gives boost to mitochondria
Dieting impairs the energy-producing machinery of fat tissue, potentially resulting in weight regain. In contrast, as indicated by a recent study, weight loss surgery gives a boost to mitochondria, improving the gene expression of these cellular engines.
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The hidden machinery of a photosynthetic giant revealed
Photosynthesis is the fundament of almost all live on earth, and yet it is not understood down to the last detail. An international research team has now unraveled one of its secrets. The researchers have successfully isolated a rare manifestation of photosystem I and studied it in detail. The study provided new insights into the transport of light-energy in this giant photosynthetic protein complex.
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Saturday, March 20, 2021
'By-the-wind sailor' jellies wash ashore in massive numbers after warmer winters
Thanks to 20 years of observations from thousands of citizen scientists, researchers have discovered distinct patterns in the mass strandings of by-the-wind sailors, also called Velella velella. Specifically, large strandings happened simultaneously from the northwest tip of Washington south to the Mendocino coast in California, and in years when winters were warmer than usual.
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Christmas Island reptile-killer identified
With wild populations decimated, Lister's gecko and the blue-tailed skink only exist in captivity. Researchers have discovered a bacterium, which could cause their potential extinction.
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A modified protein appears to trigger lung fibrosis after environmental exposure
Research shows how cadmium and carbon black can trigger lung macrophages to produce a modified protein, citrullinated vimentin, which leads to lung fibrosis. Researchers also describe mechanistic steps in lung macrophages and lung fibroblasts that leads to the lung scarring. One enzyme involved in these steps, PAD2, may be a promising target to attenuate cadmium/carbon black-induced fibrosis. The study also reports a potential mouse disease model for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Parental burnout hits individualist Western countries hardest
It's a first: approximately 100 scientists in 42 countries joined forces to learn about the incidence of parental burnout. They found that Western countries are the most affected by parental burnout. The cause? The often individualistic culture of Western countries. This international study, shows how culture, rather than socio-economic factors, plays a predominant role in parental burnout.
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Chemical processes identified as key to understanding landslides
A new study results are based on investigations of repeated mass movements and are expected to benefit planning, maintenance, and development of transportation infrastructure in affected areas.
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Four lichen species new to science discovered in Kenyan cloud forests
Some of the newly described lichen species from the Micarea genus may be unique to the biodiversity hotspot that is the Taita Hills in Kenya. The area may contain even more lichen species yet to be discovered.
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Harbor porpoises attracted to oil platforms when searching for food
A large gathering of fish tempts harbour porpoises to search for food around oil and gas platforms, even though the noise from these industrial plants normally to scare the whales away. Decommissioned platforms may therefore serve as artificial reefs in the North Sea.
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Friday, March 19, 2021
Cellular benefits of gene therapy seen decades after treatment
Researchers have shown that the beneficial effects of gene therapy can be seen decades after the transplanted blood stem cells has been cleared by the body.
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Feeding cattle seaweed reduces their greenhouse gas emissions 82 percent
A bit of seaweed in cattle feed could reduce methane emissions from beef cattle as much as 82 percent, according to new findings from researchers at the University of California, Davis.
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Cellular benefits of gene therapy seen decades after treatment
Researchers have shown that the beneficial effects of gene therapy can be seen decades after the transplanted blood stem cells has been cleared by the body.
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New bioink brings 3D-printing of human organs closer to reality
Researchers have designed a new bioink which allows small human-sized airways to be 3D-bioprinted with the help of patient cells for the first time. The 3D-printed constructs are biocompatible and support new blood vessel growth into the transplanted material. This is an important first step towards 3D-printing organs.
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Elusive protein complex could hold the key to treating chromosomal disorders
The cells in our body are constantly fighting off the threat of cancer by repairing damaged DNA. In a new study, scientists investigate the structure of an elusive protein complex that plays a key role in the activation of the 'Fanconi anemia pathway' involved in DNA repair, and report on the factors governing its stability. Their insights can potentially help find novel treatments disorders involving chromosomal instability, including cancer.
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Solving ancient problem of nucleic acid synthesis helps to design new antiviral drugs
Scientists have solved a long-standing mystery of how living organisms distinguish RNA and DNA building blocks during gene expression paving the way for the design of new antiviral drugs.
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The role of adult playfulness in romantic life
While play and playfulness have been studied well in children, their structure and consequences are understudied in adults. A new article highlights available research on this topic and also examines why playfulness is important in romantic relationships.
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Evidence of 55 new chemicals in people
Scientists have detected 109 chemicals in a study of pregnant women, including 55 chemicals never before reported in people and 42 'mystery chemicals,' whose sources and uses are unknown.
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Researchers identify head impact rates in four major high school sports
A new study used head impact sensors in four different sports and studied male and female athletes to determine which of these sports put students at the highest risk for head impacts that could lead to concussions.
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Thursday, March 18, 2021
Novel coronavirus circulated undetected months before first COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, China
Using molecular dating tools and epidemiological simulations, researchers estimate that the SARS-CoV-2 virus likely circulated undetected for two months before the first human cases of COVID-19 were described in Wuhan, China in late-December 2019.
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Novel coronavirus circulated undetected months before first COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, China
Using molecular dating tools and epidemiological simulations, researchers estimate that the SARS-CoV-2 virus likely circulated undetected for two months before the first human cases of COVID-19 were described in Wuhan, China in late-December 2019.
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Many facets of city growth follow universal scaling laws
Many facets of city growth follow universal scaling laws. While this fact is well established, researchers are still searching for the why. Researchers now offer a simple and elegant explanation: They derive urban scaling laws from 3D city geometry.
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The a7 protein is ready for its close-up
Researchers have identified the structure of a key member of a family of proteins called nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in three different shapes. The work could eventually lead to new pharmaceutical treatments for a large range of diseases or infections including schizophrenia, lung cancer, and even COVID-19.
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Proportion of gun use in TV violence statistically parallels U.S. gun homicide trends
A new study shows that the proportion of gun violence relative to other forms of violence in TV dramas increased from 2000 to 2018, with statistical parallels to trends in actual gun homicides among U.S. youths.
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Advanced mouse embryos grown outside the uterus
To observe how a tiny ball of identical cells on its way to becoming a mammalian embryo first attaches to an awaiting uterine wall and then develops into nervous system, heart, stomach and limbs: This has been a highly-sought grail in the field of embryonic development for nearly 100 years. Scientists have now accomplished this feat.
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Advanced mouse embryos grown outside the uterus
To observe how a tiny ball of identical cells on its way to becoming a mammalian embryo first attaches to an awaiting uterine wall and then develops into nervous system, heart, stomach and limbs: This has been a highly-sought grail in the field of embryonic development for nearly 100 years. Scientists have now accomplished this feat.
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Wednesday, March 17, 2021
Tuesday, March 16, 2021
How life on land recovered after 'The Great Dying'
A new study shows in detail how life recovered from 'The Great Dying' in comparison to two smaller extinction events. The international study team showed for the first time that this mass extinction was harsher than other events due to a major collapse in diversity. Ultimately, characterizing communities -- especially those that recovered successfully -- provides valuable insights into how modern species might fare as humans push the planet to the brink.
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Non-DNA mechanism is involved in transmitting paternal experience to offspring
A new study has made a significant advance in the field of epigenetics by identifying how environmental information is transmitted by non-DNA molecules in the sperm. It is a discovery that advances scientific understanding of the heredity of paternal life experiences and potentially opens new avenues for studying disease transmission and prevention.
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Not just CO2: Rising temperatures also alter photosynthesis in a changing climate
A new review explores how higher temperatures influence plant growth and viability despite higher concentrations of atmospheric CO2.
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Controlling sloshing motions in sea-based fish farming cages improves fish welfare
Sea-based fish farming systems using net pens are hard on the environment and fish. A closed cage can improve fish welfare, but seawater must be continuously circulated through the cage. However, waves can cause the water to slosh inside the cage, creating violent motions and endangering the cage and fish. A study using a scale-model containment system shows why violent sloshing motions arise and how to minimize them.
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Picking up a book for fun positively affects verbal abilities
A new study shows that the more people read any kind of fiction the better their language skills are likely to be. Researchers found that people who enjoyed reading fiction for leisure and who identified as a reader scored higher on language tests, whereas those who read to access specific information scored more poorly on the same tests.
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Non-DNA mechanism is involved in transmitting paternal experience to offspring
A new study has made a significant advance in the field of epigenetics by identifying how environmental information is transmitted by non-DNA molecules in the sperm. It is a discovery that advances scientific understanding of the heredity of paternal life experiences and potentially opens new avenues for studying disease transmission and prevention.
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Brain disease research reveals differences between sexes
Scientists highlight a growing body of research suggesting sex differences play roles in how patients respond to brain diseases, as well as multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, and other brain ailments. They are urging their colleagues to remember those differences when researching treatments and cures.
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Researchers discover how 'cryptic species' respond differently to coral bleaching
Researchers used molecular genetics to differentiate among corals that look nearly identical and to understand which species best coped with thermal stress.
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The potential economic impact of volcano alerts
A new study suggests that, when a Volcano Alert remains elevated at any level above 'normal' due to a period of volcanic unrest, it can cause a decline in the region's housing prices and other economic indicators. The authors argue that federal policymakers may need to account for the effects of prolonged volcanic unrest -- not just destructive eruptions -- in the provision of disaster relief funding.
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How varying climate conditions impact vulnerable species
Biologists analyzed tooth breakage and wear - both gross and micro - of Arctic foxes from Russia's Yamal Peninsula and found that varying climate conditions in the Arctic affect the animals that live there.
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Commercial truck electrification is within reach
Researchers make the case for prioritizing public policy to help move long-haul trucking from diesel to electric. Doing so will mean huge gains in addressing the climate crisis and avoiding premature deaths due to local vehicular pollution, which disproportionately affects communities of color.
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The bald truth: Altered cell divisions cause hair thinning
Researchers have identified a novel mechanism underlying hair thinning and loss during aging. By studying cell division of hair follicle stem cells in young and aged mice, the researchers found that young mice properly balance typical symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to regenerate hair follicles. However, during aging, an atypical type of asymmetric cell division emerges, leading to hair loss. This study could help develop new approaches to regulate organ aging and aging-associated diseases.
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How hummingbirds hum
The hummingbird is named after its pleasant humming sound. But only now has it become clear how the wing generates this sound. Researchers observed hummingbirds using 12 high-speed cameras, 6 pressure plates and 2176 microphones. The soft and complex feathered wings generate sound in a fashion similar to how the simpler wings of insect do. These new insights could help make fans and drones quieter.
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