Friday, April 30, 2021
Eastern and Western house mice took parallel evolutionary paths after colonizing US
Parallel evolution is common, but do different animal populations evolve in similar ways and alter the same genes to adapt to similar environmental conditions? Researchers tested this in two U.S. populations of house mice. They found independent evolution of a heavier body and larger nests as Eastern and Western populations invaded northern habitats after introduction from Europe. Many of the same genes changed allele frequency along with the increase in body mass.
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The Arctic's greening, but it won't save us
New research suggests that new green biomass in the Arctic is not as large a carbon sink as scientists had hoped.
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Structural changes in snap-frozen proteins
Researchers have succeeded in ultra-fast freezing proteins after a precisely defined period of time. They were able to follow structural changes on the microsecond time scale and with sub-nanometer precision. Owing to its high spatial and temporal resolution, the method allows tracking rapid structural changes in enzymes and nucleic acids.
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Risk of developmental difficulties remains high among children born early
Children born preterm (before 37 weeks of pregnancy) remain at high risk of developmental difficulties that can affect their behavior and ability to learn, finds a new study.
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Structural changes in snap-frozen proteins
Researchers have succeeded in ultra-fast freezing proteins after a precisely defined period of time. They were able to follow structural changes on the microsecond time scale and with sub-nanometer precision. Owing to its high spatial and temporal resolution, the method allows tracking rapid structural changes in enzymes and nucleic acids.
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Childhood psychiatric symptom risk strongly linked to adverse exposures during gestation
Adverse environmental exposures during pregnancy -- including those that occur before pregnancy is recognized -- have a sizable effect on risk for psychiatric symptoms in childhood. Researchers are working to discover, develop and implement early life interventions that can mitigate some of these risks.
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Soil bacteria evolve with climate change
While evolution is normally thought of as occurring over millions of years, researchers have discovered that bacteria can evolve in response to climate change in 18 months. Biologists found that evolution is one way that soil microbes might deal with global warming.
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Thursday, April 29, 2021
A new strain of a well-known probiotic might offer help for infants' intestinal problems
A new strain of the Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG probiotic is able to utilise both lactose and casein as well as reproduce in dairy products. The discovery can make it unnecessary to separately add the probiotic to dairy products, in addition to which it could fare better in the intestine, boosting gut health.
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Global glacier retreat has accelerated
Scientists have shown that almost all the world's glaciers are becoming thinner and losing mass - and that these changes are picking up pace. The team's analysis is the most comprehensive and accurate of its kind to date.
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Battery parts can be recycled without crushing or melting
Researchers have now discovered that electrodes in lithium batteries containing cobalt can be reused as is after being newly saturated with lithium. In comparison to traditional recycling, which typically extracts metals from crushed batteries by melting or dissolving them, the new process saves valuable raw materials, and likely also energy.
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Risk factors for a severe course of COVID-19 in people with diabetes
Do all people with diabetes have an increased risk of severe COVID-19, or can specific risk factors also be identified within this group? A new study has focused precisely on this question and gained relevant insights.
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Expressing variety of emotions earns entrepreneurs funding
Despite perceptions that entrepreneurs should always be positive about their ventures, a study found that entrepreneurs whose facial expressions moved through a mix of happiness, anger and fear during funding pitches were more successful. Researchers analyzed nearly 500 pitch videos from the online crowdfunding site Kickstarter. Those who varied their emotional expressions had more success on meeting their goal, total amount raised and number of contributors.
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Team builds better tool for assessing infant brain health
Researchers have created a new, open-access tool that allows doctors and scientists to evaluate infant brain health by assessing the concentration of various chemical markers, called metabolites, in the brain. The tool compiled data from 140 infants to determine normal ranges for these metabolites.
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Mammals evolved big brains after big disasters
A large study reveals the way relative brain size of mammals changed over the last 150 million years.
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Social media and science show how ship's plastic cargo dispersed from Florida to Norway
Researchers combined sightings data reported by members of the public and oceanographic modelling tools to show how lost ink cartridges reached their resting place.
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Is forest harvesting increasing in Europe?
Is forest harvesting increasing in Europe? Yes, but not as much as reported last July in a controversial study. Forest harvest has increased by just 6% in recent years, not 69% as reported by the European Commission's Joint Research Center. The errors are due to satellite sensitivity and natural disturbances according to a response paper authored by 30 scientists from 13 European countries.
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Wednesday, April 28, 2021
Eye movements of those with dyslexia reveal laborious and inefficient reading strategies
A new article used eye-tracking technology to record eye movements of readers and concluded that people with dyslexia have a profoundly different and much more difficult way of sampling visual information than normal readers.
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Lactic acid bacteria can extend the shelf life of foods
Researchers have generated a lactic acid bacterium that efficiently secretes a food-grade preservative when grown on dairy waste.
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Spring forest flowers likely key to bumblebee survival
For more than a decade, ecologists have been warning of a downward trend in bumble bee populations across North America, with habitat destruction a primary culprit in those losses. While efforts to preserve wild bees in the Midwest often focus on restoring native flowers to prairies, a new study finds evidence of a steady decline in the availability of springtime flowers in wooded landscapes.
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Espresso, latte or decaf? Genetic code drives your desire for coffee
Whether you hanker for a hard hit of caffeine or favor the frothiness of a milky cappuccino, your regular coffee order could be telling you more about your cardio health than you think. In a new study of 390,435 people, researchers found causal genetic evidence that cardio health - as reflected in blood pressure and heart rate - influences coffee consumption.
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Espresso, latte or decaf? Genetic code drives your desire for coffee
Whether you hanker for a hard hit of caffeine or favor the frothiness of a milky cappuccino, your regular coffee order could be telling you more about your cardio health than you think. In a new study of 390,435 people, researchers found causal genetic evidence that cardio health - as reflected in blood pressure and heart rate - influences coffee consumption.
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Drones provide bird's eye view of how turbulent tidal flows affect seabird foraging habits
Scientists used drones to provide a synchronized bird's eye view of what seabirds see and how their behavior changes depending on the movement of tidal flows beneath them.
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Tuesday, April 27, 2021
RNA scientists identify many genes involved in neuron development
A team has identified many genes that are important in fruit flies' neuron development, and that had never been described before in that context.
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Fishing in African waters
Industrial fleets from countries around the world have been increasingly fishing in African waters, but with climate change and increasing pollution threatening Africa's fish stocks, there is a growing concern of the sustainability of these marine fisheries if they continue to be exploited.
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Researchers identify protein produced after stroke that triggers neurodegeneration
Researchers have identified a new protein implicated in cell death that provides a potential therapeutic target that could prevent or delay the progress of neurodegenerative diseases following a stroke.
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Comprehensive single-cell atlas of human teeth
Researchers have mapped the first complete atlas of single cells that make up the human teeth. Their research shows that the composition of human dental pulp and periodontium vary greatly. Their findings open up new avenues for cell-based dental therapeutic approaches.
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How oxygen radicals protect against cancer
Oxygen radicals in the body are generally considered dangerous because they can trigger something called oxidative stress, which is associated with the development of many chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. In studies on mice, scientists have now discovered how oxygen radicals, conversely, can also reduce the risk of cancer and mitigate damage to the hereditary molecule DNA.
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Study first to explore combined impacts of fishing and ocean warming on fish populations
The combined effect of rapid ocean warming and the practice of targeting big fish is affecting the viability of wild populations and global fish stock says new research.
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Skin and bones repaired by bioprinting during surgery
Fixing traumatic injuries to the skin and bones of the face and skull is difficult because of the many layers of different types of tissues involved, but now, researchers have repaired such defects in a rat model using bioprinting during surgery, and their work may lead to faster and better methods of healing skin and bones.
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Vertical turbines could be the future for wind farms
The now-familiar sight of traditional propeller wind turbines could be replaced in the future with wind farms containing more compact and efficient vertical turbines. New research has found that the vertical turbine design is far more efficient than traditional turbines in large scale wind farms, and when set in pairs the vertical turbines increase each other's performance by up to 15%.
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Extinct 'horned' crocodile gets new spot in the tree of life
New research has resolved a long-standing controversy about an extinct 'horned' crocodile that likely lived among humans in Madagascar. Based on ancient DNA, the study shows that the horned crocodile was closely related to 'true' crocodiles, including the famous Nile crocodile, but on a separate branch of the crocodile family tree. The study contradicts recent scientific thinking and also suggests that the ancestor of modern crocodiles likely originated in Africa.
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Skin and bones repaired by bioprinting during surgery
Fixing traumatic injuries to the skin and bones of the face and skull is difficult because of the many layers of different types of tissues involved, but now, researchers have repaired such defects in a rat model using bioprinting during surgery, and their work may lead to faster and better methods of healing skin and bones.
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Monday, April 26, 2021
New research uncovers continental crust emerged 500 million years earlier than thought
Researchers using a new method involving the mineral barite have dated the first emergence of continental crust to 500 million years earlier than previously thought.
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Mapping the path to rewilding: The importance of landscape
New research suggests efforts to rewild a landscape must take geography and geology into account -- an approach that could be applied globally to help conservation biologists save wild ecosystems.
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Stable coral cell lines cultured
Researchers in Japan have established sustainable cell lines in a coral - a success which could prove to be a pivotal moment for gaining a deeper understanding of the biology of these vital marine creatures. Seven out of eight cell cultures, seeded from the stony coral, Acropora tenuis, have continuously proliferated for over 10 months.
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Genome sequencing delivers hope and warning for the survival of the Sumatran rhinoceros
A study shows that the last remaining populations of the Sumatran rhinoceros display surprisingly low levels of inbreeding. The genomes from 21 modern and historical rhinoceros' specimens were sequenced to investigate the genetic health in rhinos living today and ones that recently became extinct. With less than 100 individuals remaining, the Sumatran rhinoceros is one of the most endangered mammal species in the world.
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Discovery of an elusive cell type in fish sensory organs
Scientists have reported newly identified invasive ionocytes in the sensory organs of larval and adult zebrafish fish that may provide clues to how sensory organs continue to function in changing environments.
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Seismicity on Mars full of surprises, in first continuous year of data
The SEIS seismometer package from the Mars InSight lander has collected its first continuous Martian year of data, revealing some surprises among the more than 500 marsquakes detected so far.
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Sunday, April 25, 2021
Climate has shifted the axis of the Earth
Melting glaciers redistributed enough water to cause the direction of polar wander to turn and accelerate eastward during the mid-1990s, according to a new study.
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Saturday, April 24, 2021
Bacteria and viruses infect our cells through sugars: Now researchers want to know how they do it
Most infectious bacteria and viruses bind to sugars on the surface of our cells. Now researchers have created a library of tens of thousands of natural cells containing all the sugars found on the surface of our cells. The library may help us understand the role played by sugars and their receptors in the immune system and the brain, the researchers behind the study explain.
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The largest assessment of global groundwater wells finds many are at risk of drying up
'Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water.' It's a silly rhyme, but one that highlights a simple fact: Humans have long relied on wells -- such as the one visited by Jack and Jill -- for their primary drinking water supply.
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Red Sea is no longer a baby ocean
The Red Sea is a fascinating and still puzzling area of investigation for geoscientists. Controversial questions include its age and whether it represents a special case in ocean basin formation or if it has evolved similarly to other, larger ocean basins. Researchers have now published a new tectonic model that suggests that the Red Sea is not only a typical ocean, but more mature than thought before.
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US asbestos sites made risky by some remediation strategies
Efforts to prevent human exposure to asbestos may be mobilizing the cancer-causing mineral so that it can reach water supplies, based on new findings about how the fibers move through soil.
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Living cells: Individual receptors caught in the act of coupling
A new imaging technique that can capture movies of individual receptors on the surface of living cells in unprecedented detail could pave the way to a trove of new drugs.
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Climate-friendly microbes chomp dead plants without releasing heat-trapping methane
Scientists have identified a new phylum of microbes found around the world that appear to be playing an important (and surprising) role in the global carbon cycle by helping break down decaying plants without producing the greenhouse gas methane.
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Teaching pupils to 'think like Da Vinci' will help them to take on climate change
Reforms to the school curriculum which mix the arts and sciences, so that these subjects 'teach together' around common themes like climate change and food security, will better prepare young people for the real-world challenges that will define their adult lives, researchers argue in a new paper.
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Scientists probe mysterious melting of Earth's crust in western North America
An unusual belt of igneous rocks stretches for over 2,000 miles from British Columbia, Canada, to Sonora, Mexico, running through Idaho, Montana, Nevada, southeast California and Arizona.
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How philosophy can change the understanding of pain
Researchers have investigated how philosophical approaches can be used to think in new ways about pain and its management. The researchers advocate not merely reducing chronic pain management to searching and treating underlying physical changes but instead adopting an approach that focuses on the person as a whole.
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Living cells: Individual receptors caught in the act of coupling
A new imaging technique that can capture movies of individual receptors on the surface of living cells in unprecedented detail could pave the way to a trove of new drugs.
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Teaching pupils to 'think like Da Vinci' will help them to take on climate change
Reforms to the school curriculum which mix the arts and sciences, so that these subjects 'teach together' around common themes like climate change and food security, will better prepare young people for the real-world challenges that will define their adult lives, researchers argue in a new paper.
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Friday, April 23, 2021
Radar satellites can better protect against bushfires and floods
New research has revealed how radar satellites can improve the ability to detect, monitor, prepare for and withstand natural disasters in Australia including bushfires, floods and earthquakes.
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Hungry fruit flies are extreme ultramarathon fliers
New research indicates that the common fruit fly can travel tens of kilometers in a single flight when in search of food.
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Machine learning model generates realistic seismic waveforms
A new machine-learning model that generates realistic seismic waveforms will reduce manual labor and improve earthquake detection, according to a new study.
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Freeze! Executioner protein caught in the act
A new molecular 'freeze frame' technique has allowed researchers to see key steps in how the protein MLKL kills cells.
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Immune system, not COVID virus, may pose greatest risk to pregnant women
Scientists investigated whether the COVID-19 virus could be affecting placental tissue of infected expectant mothers. Their analysis found that while evidence of the virus in the placenta is rare, the placenta in infected mothers tended to exhibit a much higher level of immune system activity than those of non-infected pregnant women, they report.
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Thursday, April 22, 2021
Lithium treats intellectual defects in mouse model of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome
Mice with symptoms that mimic Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) have difficulty with learning and generating new neurons in the hippocampus. However, according to a new study, these mental defects can be successfully treated with lithium.
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Pregnant women with COVID-19 face high mortality rate
In a worldwide study of 2,100 pregnant women, those who contracted COVID-19 during pregnancy were 20 times more likely to die than those who did not contract the virus.
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Lithium treats intellectual defects in mouse model of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome
Mice with symptoms that mimic Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) have difficulty with learning and generating new neurons in the hippocampus. However, according to a new study, these mental defects can be successfully treated with lithium.
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Faster air exchange in buildings not always beneficial for coronavirus levels
Vigorous and rapid air exchanges might not always be a good thing when it comes to levels of coronavirus particles in a multiroom building, according to a new modeling study. Particle levels can spike in downstream rooms shortly after rapid ventilation.
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Common antibiotic effective in healing coral disease lesions
An antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections in humans is showing promise in treating stony coral, found throughout the tropical western Atlantic, including several areas currently affected by stony coral tissue loss disease. Preserving M. cavernosa colonies is important due to its high abundance and role as a dominant reef builder in the northern section of Florida's Coral Reef. Results show that the Base 2B plus amoxicillin treatment had a 95 percent success rate at healing individual disease lesions.
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Know your ally: Cooperative male dolphins can tell who's on their team
When it comes to friendships and rivalries, male dolphins know who the good team players are. New findings reveal that male dolphins form a social concept of team membership based on cooperative investment in the team.
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Wednesday, April 21, 2021
Why climate change is driving some to skip having kids
A new study finds that overconsumption, overpopulation and uncertainty about the future are among the top concerns of those who say climate change is affecting their reproductive decision-making.
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Improved management of farmed peatlands could cut 500 million tons CO2
Substantial cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions could be achieved by raising water levels in agricultural peatlands, according to a new study in the journal Nature. A team of researchers led by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology estimates halving drainage depths in these areas could cut emissions by around 500 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) a year, which equates to 1 per cent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activities.
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Why climate change is driving some to skip having kids
A new study finds that overconsumption, overpopulation and uncertainty about the future are among the top concerns of those who say climate change is affecting their reproductive decision-making.
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Mice master complex thinking with a remarkable capacity for abstraction
Categorization is the brain's tool to organize nearly everything we encounter in our daily lives. Grouping information into categories simplifies our complex world and helps us to react quickly and effectively to new experiences. Scientists have now shown that also mice categorize surprisingly well. The researchers identified neurons encoding learned categories and thereby demonstrated how abstract information is represented at the neuronal level.
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Central African forests are unequally vulnerable to global change
An international study reveals the composition of the tropical forests of Central Africa and their vulnerability to the increased pressure from climate change and human activity expected in the coming decades. Thanks to an exceptional dataset - an inventory of over 6 million trees across five countries - the researchers have produced the first continuous maps of the floristic and functional composition of these forests, allowing them to identify the most vulnerable areas.
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Climate 'tipping points' need not be the end of the world
The disastrous consequences of climate 'tipping points' could be averted if global warming was reversed quickly enough, new research suggests.
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Wildfire smoke linked to skin disease
Wildfire smoke can trigger a host of respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms, ranging from runny nose and cough to a potentially life-threatening heart attack or stroke. A new study suggests that the dangers posed by wildfire smoke may also extend to the largest organ in the human body, and our first line of defense against outside threat: the skin.
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In calculating the social cost of methane, equity matters
A new study reports that the social cost of methane - a greenhouse gas that is 30 times as potent as carbon dioxide in its ability to trap heat - varies by as much as an order of magnitude between industrialized and developing regions of the world.
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To design truly compostable plastic, scientists take cues from nature
Scientists have designed an enzyme-activated compostable plastic that could diminish microplastics pollution. Household tap water or soil composts break the hybrid plastic material down to reusable small molecules, called monomers, in just a few days or weeks.
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Mice master complex thinking with a remarkable capacity for abstraction
Categorization is the brain's tool to organize nearly everything we encounter in our daily lives. Grouping information into categories simplifies our complex world and helps us to react quickly and effectively to new experiences. Scientists have now shown that also mice categorize surprisingly well. The researchers identified neurons encoding learned categories and thereby demonstrated how abstract information is represented at the neuronal level.
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Wildfire smoke linked to skin disease
Wildfire smoke can trigger a host of respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms, ranging from runny nose and cough to a potentially life-threatening heart attack or stroke. A new study suggests that the dangers posed by wildfire smoke may also extend to the largest organ in the human body, and our first line of defense against outside threat: the skin.
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Shift-work causes negative impacts on health, affects men and women differently
Shift-work and irregular work schedules can cause several health-related issues and affect our defense against infection, according to new research.
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Augmented reality in retail and its impact on sales
Augmented reality is an effective technology that marketers can use to improve sales.
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Energy unleashed by submarine volcanoes could power a continent
Volcanic eruptions deep in our oceans are capable of extremely powerful releases of energy, at a rate high enough to power the whole of the United States, according to new research.
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Complexity of microplastic pollution
Microplastics -- small plastic pieces less than 5 millimeters in length -- are ubiquitous in the environment, and they can have significant effects on wildlife. A new study reveals that there are multiple impacts of different microplastics -- with varying sizes, shapes, and chemical makeup -- to the survival, growth, and development of larval fathead minnows, an important prey species in lakes and rivers in North America.
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Tuesday, April 20, 2021
Crucial action needed for coral reefs
An international group of scientific experts has stated the requirements for coral reef survival in a recent article. Over 500 million people rely on coral reefs.
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Disrupted sleep is linked to increased risk of early death, particularly in women
For the first time, a study has shown a clear link between the frequency and duration of unconscious wakefulness during night-time sleep and an increased risk of dying from diseases of the heart and blood vessels, and death from any cause, particularly in women.
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Designing healthy diets with computer analysis
A new mathematical model for the interaction of bacteria in the gut could help design new probiotics and specially tailored diets to prevent diseases.
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Drug development platform could provide flexible, rapid and targeted antimicrobials
Researchers have created a platform that can develop effective and highly specific peptide nucleic acid therapies for use against any bacteria within just one week. The work could change the way we respond to pandemics and how we approach increasing cases of antibiotic resistance globally.
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Monday, April 19, 2021
New model describes the (scaling) laws of the jungle
Underneath the apparent messiness of forests lurk extraordinary regularities, governed by the biological mechanisms that drive universal forces of growth, death, and competition.
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B cell activating factor possible key to hemophilia immune tolerance
A group of scientists have just made a key discovery that could prevent and eradicate immune responses that lead to treatment failure in about one-third of people with severe hemophilia A.
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Tiny implantable tool for light-sheet imaging of brain activity
Tools for optical imaging of brain activity in freely moving animals have considerable potential for expanding the scientific understanding of the brain. However, existing technologies for imaging brain activity with light have challenges. An international team of scientists has now developed an implantable probe for light-sheet imaging of the brain.
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Snake venom complexity is driven by prey diet
Diversity in diet plays a role in the complexity of venom in pit vipers such as rattlesnakes, copperheads and cottonmouths. But new collaborative research found the number of prey species a snake ate did not drive venom complexity. Rather, it was how far apart the prey species were from each other evolutionarily.
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Tiny implantable tool for light-sheet imaging of brain activity
Tools for optical imaging of brain activity in freely moving animals have considerable potential for expanding the scientific understanding of the brain. However, existing technologies for imaging brain activity with light have challenges. An international team of scientists has now developed an implantable probe for light-sheet imaging of the brain.
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Study shows education is not enough to overcome inequality
A recent study finds that social inequality persists, regardless of educational achievement - particularly for men.
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How to make online arguments productive
Researchers worked with almost 260 people to understand online disagreements and to develop potential design interventions that could make these discussions more productive and centered around relationship-building.
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Humans are directly influencing wind and weather over North Atlantic
A new study provides evidence that humans are influencing wind and weather patterns across the eastern United States and western Europe by releasing CO2 and other pollutants into Earth's atmosphere.
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Common plants and pollinators act as anchors for ecosystems
'Generalist' plants and pollinators play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and may also serve as buffers against some impacts of climate change, finds new research. The findings provide valuable insights for prioritizing the conservation of species that contribute to the strength of ecological communities.
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Sunday, April 18, 2021
New CRISPR technology offers unrivaled control of epigenetic inheritance
Scientists have figured out how to modify CRISPR's basic architecture to extend its reach beyond the genome and into what's known as the epigenome -- proteins and small molecules that latch onto DNA and control when and where genes are switched on or off.
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Study reveals how some antibodies can broadly neutralize ebolaviruses
Some survivors of ebolavirus outbreaks make antibodies that can broadly neutralize these viruses -- and now, scientists have illuminated how these antibodies can disable the viruses so effectively. The insights may be helpful for developing effective therapies.
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Sunlight to solve the world's clean water crisis
Researchers have developed technology that could eliminate water stress for millions of people, including those living in many of the planet's most vulnerable and disadvantaged communities.
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Alpine plants are losing their white 'protective coat' too early in spring
Snow cover in the Alps has been melting almost three days earlier per decade since the 1960s. This trend is temperature-related and cannot be compensated by heavier snowfall. By the end of the century, snow cover at 2,500 meters could disappear a month earlier than today, as simulations by environmental scientists at the University of Basel demonstrate.
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Neural plasticity depends on this long noncoding RNA's journey from nucleus to synapse
A synaptically localized long noncoding RNA proves to be an important regulator of neural plasticity.
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Study reveals how some antibodies can broadly neutralize ebolaviruses
Some survivors of ebolavirus outbreaks make antibodies that can broadly neutralize these viruses -- and now, scientists have illuminated how these antibodies can disable the viruses so effectively. The insights may be helpful for developing effective therapies.
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Heart health of shift workers linked to body clock
Working hours that deviate from an individual's natural body clock are associated with greater cardiovascular risk, according to recent research.
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Can financial stress lead to physical pain in later years?
Financial stress can have an immediate impact on well-being, but can it lead to physical pain nearly 30 years later? The answer is yes, according to new research.
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Process simultaneously removes toxic metals and salt to produce clean water
Removing salt is only one step in creating clean water from ocean or brackish water. Toxic compounds, from metals to human-made carcinogens, must be removed by subsequent processing. Chemists have invented a technique to remove salt and toxic ions in one step. They create porous nanoparticles, PAFs, with added functional groups that selectively absorb ionic compounds, like metals, or neutral species, like boron, then add them to the polymer membranes used in electrodialysis.
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Genetic ancestry versus race can provide specific, targeted insights to predict and treat many diseases
The complex patterns of genetic ancestry uncovered from genomic data in health care systems can provide valuable insights into both genetic and environmental factors underlying many common and rare diseases -- insights that are far more targeted and specific than those derived from traditional ethnic or racial labels like Hispanic or Black, according to researchers.
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Treatment not always needed to prevent vision loss in patients with elevated eye pressure
The national Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study was designed to determine whether lowering elevated eye pressure in patients might prevent vision loss from glaucoma. Researchers recently completed follow-up studies on patients 20 years after the start of the original study and found that not all patients with elevated eye pressure need pressure-lowering treatment to prevent vision loss from glaucoma.
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New benefits from anti-diabetic drug metformin
Researchers have found that the anti-diabetic drug metformin significantly prolongs the survival of mice in a model that simulates the pathology of non-diabetic chronic kidney disease (ND-CKD) by ameliorating pathological conditions like reduced kidney function, glomerular damage, inflammation and fibrosis. Metformin's mechanism is different from existing therapeutics which only treat symptoms, such as the blood pressure drug losartan, so researchers believe that a combination these medications at low dose will be highly beneficial.
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New type of cell contributes to increased understanding of ALS
The causes of the serious muscle disease ALS still remain unknown. Now, researchers have examined a type of cell in the brain blood vessels that could explain the unpredictable disease origins and dynamics. The results indicate a hitherto unknown connection between the nervous and vascular systems. The study has potential implications for earlier diagnoses and future treatments.
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Saturday, April 17, 2021
A more complete account
Even the mention of parasites can be enough to make some people's skin crawl. But to recent UC Santa Barbara doctoral graduate Dana Morton these creepy critters occupy important ecological niches, fulfilling roles that, in her opinion, have too often been overlooked.
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Coronavirus does not infect the brain but still inflicts damage, study finds
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, does not infect brain cells but can inflict significant neurological damage, according to a new study of dozens of deceased patients.
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Highly dense urban areas are not more vulnerable to COVID-19, researchers say
A person who owns a car or who has a college education may be less vulnerable to COVID-19, according to an analysis of cases in Tehran, Iran, one of the early epicenters of the pandemic. While such variables do not inherently lower a person's risk, they do indicate an infrastructure of protection that persists despite how densely populated a person's district might be.
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Friday, April 16, 2021
Simulations reveal how dominant SARS-CoV-2 strain binds to host, succumbs to antibodies
The dominant G-form spike protein 'puts its head up' more frequently to latch on to receptors, but that makes it more vulnerable to neutralization.
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Simulations reveal how dominant SARS-CoV-2 strain binds to host, succumbs to antibodies
The dominant G-form spike protein 'puts its head up' more frequently to latch on to receptors, but that makes it more vulnerable to neutralization.
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Experimental antiviral for COVID-19 effective in hamster study
The experimental antiviral drug MK-4482 significantly decreased levels of virus and disease damage in the lungs of hamsters treated for SARS-CoV-2 infection, according to a new study. MK-4482, delivered orally, is now in human clinical trials.
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With impressive accuracy, dogs can sniff out coronavirus
In a proof-of-concept study, dogs identified positive samples with 96 percent accuracy.
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Virologists develop broadly protective coronavirus vaccines
A candidate vaccine that could provide protection against the COVID-19 virus and other coronaviruses has shown promising results in early animal testing.
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Experimental antiviral for COVID-19 effective in hamster study
The experimental antiviral drug MK-4482 significantly decreased levels of virus and disease damage in the lungs of hamsters treated for SARS-CoV-2 infection, according to a new study. MK-4482, delivered orally, is now in human clinical trials.
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With impressive accuracy, dogs can sniff out coronavirus
In a proof-of-concept study, dogs identified positive samples with 96 percent accuracy.
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Virologists develop broadly protective coronavirus vaccines
A candidate vaccine that could provide protection against the COVID-19 virus and other coronaviruses has shown promising results in early animal testing.
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Unconventional takes on pandemics and nuclear defense could protect humanity from catastrophic failure
From engineered pandemics to city-toppling cyber attacks to nuclear annihilation, life on Earth could radically change, and soon.
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Tarantula's ubiquity traced back to the cretaceous
Tarantulas are among the most notorious spiders, due in part to their size, vibrant colors and prevalence throughout the world. But one thing most people don't know is that tarantulas are homebodies. Females and their young rarely leave their burrows and only mature males will wander to seek out a mate. How then did such a sedentary spider come to inhabit six out of seven continents?
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Blow flies may be the answer to monitoring the environment non-invasively
A study led by researchers at IUPUI has found that blow flies may be the answer to monitoring environmental change without disturbing local wildlife.
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How to gain a sense of well-being, free and online
In 2018, when Professor Laurie Santos introduced her course 'Psychology and the Good Life,' a class on the science of happiness, it became the most popular in the history of Yale, attracting more than 1,200 undergraduate enrollees that first semester. An online course based on those teachings became a global phenomenon. By latest count, 3.38 million people have enrolled to take the free Coursera.org course, called 'The Science of Well Being.'
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Thursday, April 15, 2021
Reliable COVID-19 short-term forecasting
Researchers have developed a new model for making short-term projections of daily COVID-19 cases that is accurate, reliable and easily used by public health officials and other organizations.
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How we can reduce food waste and promote healthy eating
Food waste and obesity are major problems in developed countries. They are both caused by an overabundance of food, but strategies to reduce one can inadvertently increase the other. A broader perspective can help identify ways to limit food waste while also promoting healthy nutrition, researchers suggest.
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In pig brain development, nature beats nurture
Before humans can benefit from new drug therapies and nutritional additives, scientists test their safety and efficacy in animals, typically mice and rats. But, as much as they've done for biomedical research, rodents aren't always the best research model for studies on neonatal brain development and nutrition. That's where pigs can play an important role.
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How we can reduce food waste and promote healthy eating
Food waste and obesity are major problems in developed countries. They are both caused by an overabundance of food, but strategies to reduce one can inadvertently increase the other. A broader perspective can help identify ways to limit food waste while also promoting healthy nutrition, researchers suggest.
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From smoky skies to a green horizon: Scientists convert fire-risk wood waste into biofuel
Reliance on petroleum fuels and raging wildfires: Two separate, large-scale challenges that could be addressed by one scientific breakthrough. Researchers have developed a streamlined and efficient process for converting woody plant matter like forest overgrowth and agricultural waste - material that is currently burned either intentionally or unintentionally - into liquid biofuel.
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Wednesday, April 14, 2021
Tiny wireless implant detects oxygen deep within the body
Engineers have created a tiny wireless implant that can provide real-time measurements of tissue oxygen levels deep underneath the skin. The device, which is smaller than the average ladybug and powered by ultrasound waves, could help doctors monitor the health of transplanted organs or tissue and provide an early warning of potential transplant failure.
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To improve climate models, an international team turns to archaeological data
To improve climate models, an international team turned to archaeological data. The resulting classification from the project, called LandCover6k, offers a tool the researchers hope might generate better predictions about the planet's future and fill in gaps about its past.
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3D-printed material to replace ivory
A new material called 'Digory' has been developed, which can be processed in 3D printers and is extremely similar to ivory. It can be used to restore old ivory artefacts.
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Roadside invader: The higher the traffic, the easier the invasive common ragweed disperses
Common ragweed is an annual plant whose allergenic pollen affects human health. It's an invasive species particularly well-adapted to living at roadsides. New research found high population growth along high-traffic roads even in shaded and less disturbed road sections, suggesting that seed dispersal by vehicles and by road maintenance can compensate, at least partly, for less favorable habitat conditions.
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Climate change is making it harder to get a good cup of coffee
Ethiopia may produce less specialty coffee and more rather bland tasting varieties in the future. This is the result of a new study by an international team of researchers that looked at the peculiar effects climate change has on Africa's largest coffee producing nation. Their results are relevant both for the country's millions of smallholder farmers, who earn more on specialty coffee than on ordinary coffee, as well as for baristas and coffee aficionados around the world.
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Get your head in the game -- One gene's role in cranial development
Researchers have found that certain cells in mouse craniums respond to increased expression of a gene called Dlx5 during early stages of embryonic development. They observed that a layer of these cells formed more bone and cartilage in mice engineered with high Dlx5 levels. Their interesting results provide crucial information for the mechanistic role of this gene in cell fate during cranial development.
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Innovative technique developed to destroy cancerous kidney cells
An innovative new technique that encourages cancer cells in the kidneys to self-destruct could revolutionize the treatment of the disease.
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Mindfulness can make you selfish
A new article demonstrates the surprising downsides of mindfulness, while offering easy ways to minimize those consequences -- both of which have practical implications for mindfulness training.
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Auxin makes the spirals in gerbera inflorescences follow the Fibonacci sequence
The meristem of the gerbera is patterned on the molecular level already at a stage where no primordia or other changes are discernible by even an electron microscope.
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A mother's fat intake can impact infant infectious disease outcomes
A team of researchers has determined that the type of fats a mother consumes while breastfeeding can have long-term implications on her infant's gut health. Their study suggests that the type of fat consumed during breastfeeding could differentially impact an infant's intestinal microbial communities, immune development and disease risk.
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Scientists identify severe asthma species, show air pollutant as likely contributor
An epidemiological study has shown that not only is non-Th2 a distinct asthma disease, its likely inducer is early childhood exposure to airborne Benzo[a]pyrene, a byproduct of fossil fuel combustion.
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Tuesday, April 13, 2021
Megafauna extinction mystery: Size isn't everything
The rapid extinction of giant animals including wombat-like creatures as big as cars, birds more than two metres tall, and lizards more than seven metres long that once roamed the Australian continent is a puzzle that has long engaged researchers.
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New biosealant can stabilize cartilage, promote healing after injury
Researchers showed that a new hyaluronic acid hydrogel system can reinforce and seal areas of injured cartilage in animal studies, paving the way for future fixes and healing.
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Monday, April 12, 2021
Ocean bacteria release carbon into the atmosphere
Researchers have discovered that deep-sea bacteria dissolve carbon-containing rocks, releasing excess carbon into the ocean and atmosphere. The findings will allow scientists to better estimate the amount of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, a main driver of global warming.
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Why some of us are hungry all the time
New research shows that people who experience big dips in blood sugar levels, several hours after eating, end up feeling hungrier and consuming hundreds more calories during the day than others.
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How cells control the physical state of embryonic tissues
In the earliest stage of life, animals undergo some of their most spectacular physical transformations. Once merely blobs of dividing cells, they begin to rearrange themselves into their more characteristic forms, be they fish, birds or humans. Understanding how cells act together to build tissues has been a fundamental problem in physics and biology.
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New CAR T approach minimizes resistance, helps avoid relapse in non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma
Early results from a new, pioneering chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy trial found using a bilateral attack achieves a more robust defense and helps avoid relapse.
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Immune-stimulating drug before surgery shows promise in early-stage pancreatic cancer
Giving early-stage pancreatic cancer patients a CD40 immune-stimulating drug helped jumpstart a T cell attack to the notoriously stubborn tumor microenvironment before surgery and other treatments, according to a new study.
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Making music from spider webs
Spiders are master builders, expertly weaving strands of silk into intricate 3D webs. If humans could enter the spider's world, they could learn about web construction, arachnid behavior and more. Now, scientists report they have translated the complex structure of a web into music, which could have applications ranging from better 3D printers, to cross-species communication and otherworldly musical compositions.
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