Tuesday, August 31, 2021
The right mixture of salts to get life started
A new study shows how a blend of salts in the presence of heat flows may have contributed to the formation of the first self-replicating biomolecules.
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Exploring the past: Computational models shed new light on the evolution of prehistoric languages
A new linguistic study sheds light on the nature of languages spoken before the written period, using computational modeling to reconstruct the grammar of the 6500-7000 year-old Proto-Indo-European language.
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Model of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics reveals opportunity to prevent COVID-19 transmission
A structural model of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as the virus fuses with host human cells reveals an opportunity to disrupt dynamics and halt transmission.
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Biomarkers found for COVID-19 condition in children
A rare but serious inflammatory condition that affects children who contract COVID-19 produces a distinctive pattern of biomarkers that may help physicians predict disease severity and also aid researchers in developing new treatments, according to a new study.
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Exploring the past: Computational models shed new light on the evolution of prehistoric languages
A new linguistic study sheds light on the nature of languages spoken before the written period, using computational modeling to reconstruct the grammar of the 6500-7000 year-old Proto-Indo-European language.
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Evidence mounts that MMR and Tdap vaccines strengthen protection against severe COVID-19
Laboratory and retrospective analyses suggest that MMR and Tdap memory T cells are activated by SARS-CoV-2 and decrease COVID-19 severity.
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A cocoa bean's 'fingerprint' could help trace chocolate bars back to their farm of origin, finds a new study
A new study has revealed that biotechnology could be the missing ingredient in helping cocoa farmers get a better deal for their beans.
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Machine learning algorithm revolutionizes how scientists study behavior
B-SOiD is an open source, unsupervised algorithm that can discover and identify behaviors without user input.
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Ferroelectrics everywhere?
A new family of materials that could result in improved digital information storage and uses less energy may be possible thanks to a team of researchers who demonstrated ferroelectricity in magnesium-substituted zinc oxide.
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Researchers discover way to switch on and speed up tendon healing
A research team investigated whether electrical therapy, coupled with exercise, would show promise in treating tendon disease or ruptures. They found that tendon cell function and repair can be controlled through electrical stimulation from an implantable device powered by body movement.
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In a common genetic disorder, blood test reveals when benign tumors turn cancerous
Researchers have developed a blood test that, they believe, could one day offer a highly sensitive and inexpensive approach to detect cancer early in people with NF1. The blood test could also help doctors monitor how well patients are responding to treatment for their cancer.
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‘Tipping points’ in Earth’s system triggered rapid climate change 55 million years ago
Scientists have uncovered a fascinating new insight into what caused one of the most rapid and dramatic instances of climate change in the history of the Earth.
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Using liquid metal to turn motion into electricity, even underwater
Researchers have created a soft, stretchable device that converts movement into electricity and works in both dry and wet environments.
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Hidden factors that affect solar farms during severe weather
Researchers combined large sets of real-world solar data and advanced machine learning to study the impacts of severe weather on U.S. solar farms, and sort out what factors affect energy generation.
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A universal equation for the shape of an egg
Researchers have discovered a universal mathematical formula that can describe any bird's egg existing in nature -- a significant step in understanding not only the egg shape itself, but also how and why it evolved, thus making widespread biological and technological applications possible.
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Fighting brain cancer at its root
Researchers identify proteins that drive cancer stem cells. Targeting and suppressing a particular protein called galectin1 could provide a more effective treatment for glioblastoma, in combination with radiation therapy.
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Monday, August 30, 2021
Novel assessment of platelet-rich plasma treatment shows efficacy in patients with osteoarthritis
A pilot study combined wearable technology and patient-reported outcomes to assess the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment in osteoarthritis (OA), finding significant improvements.
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Improving strength, stretchiness and adhesion in hydrogels for wound healing
Scientists use the adhesive capabilities of mussels as a model for simultaneously optimizing the strength, stretchiness and adhesion of GelMA hydrogels, a feat not obtained in previous attempts.
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New study examines ‘Achilles heel’ of cancer tumors, paving the way for new treatment strategies
Researchers have uncovered a weakness in a key enzyme that solid tumor cancer cells rely on to adapt and survive when oxygen levels are low.
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Improving strength, stretchiness and adhesion in hydrogels for wound healing
Scientists use the adhesive capabilities of mussels as a model for simultaneously optimizing the strength, stretchiness and adhesion of GelMA hydrogels, a feat not obtained in previous attempts.
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Improved water splitting method: A green energy innovation
Hydrogen is a promising clean energy source with great potential to replace greenhouse gas-emitting fossil fuels. While total water (H2O) splitting is the easiest way to obtain hydrogen (H2), this reaction is slow and not yet commercially feasible. Now, scientists have developed a novel electrocatalyst that significantly improves hydrogen production from water splitting in an energy and cost-efficient way.
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Hidden in the seeds: Bacteria found to survive the harsh interior of passion fruit seeds
Plant endophytic microorganisms, especially those growing inside seeds, can survive antimicrobial compounds and have attracted attention for their potential biocatalytic activity. Recently, researchers successfully isolated several strains of endophytic bacteria that survive in high concentrations of antimicrobial resveratrol and piceatannol inside passion fruit seeds and get transmitted to next-generation seedlings. One of the bacteria could convert resveratrol and piceatannol to their respective derivatives. These findings will significantly advance endophyte and biocatalyst research.
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Turning cameras off during virtual meetings can reduce fatigue
Feeling drained after a day of virtual meetings is worse for those who keep their cameras on throughout those meetings, according to new research. The study also shows the effects are often stronger for women and newer employees.
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Reliable oxygenation conceivable with new design for portable concentrators
Anticipating the increased need for better oxygen concentrators as the fight against COVID-19 rages on, researchers have laid a computational framework to design the most optimal concentrator to filter ambient air and produce oxygen that can scale with patient demand.
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How people respond to wildfire smoke
Interviews with Northern California residents reveal that social norms and social support are essential for understanding protective health behaviors during wildfire smoke events -- information that could be leveraged to improve public health outcomes.
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Location and intensity of global threats to biodiversity
Using a novel modelling approach, new research reveals the location and intensity of key threats to biodiversity on land and identifies priority areas across the world to help inform conservation decision making at national and local levels.
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How people respond to wildfire smoke
Interviews with Northern California residents reveal that social norms and social support are essential for understanding protective health behaviors during wildfire smoke events -- information that could be leveraged to improve public health outcomes.
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Record number of ancient elephant bone tools discovered
Humans living about 400,000 years ago produced an unprecedented diversity of elephant bone tools, including pointed tools for carving meat and wedge-shaped tools for cracking open large femurs and other long bones.
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Granulocytes may weaken immune response in connection with COVID-19
Information on granulocytes sheds light on the mechanisms associated with COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.
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Breast milk proven to enhance heart performance in premature babies
New research demonstrates the beneficial effect of breast milk consumption on cardiovascular health and early cardiovascular development in premature infants.
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How a racing heart may alter decision-making brain circuits
In an effort to understand how the internal state of the body influences the brain's decision-making processes, scientists analyzed the data from a previous study pre-clinical study. They found that two of the brain's decision-making centers contain neurons that may exclusively monitor the body's internal dynamics. Furthermore, a heightened state of arousal appeared to rewire one of the centers by turning some decision-making neurons into internal state monitors.
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At least 80% of opioid overdoses aren’t fatal, but how do they affect the brain?
Scientists still know little about how opioid overdoses affect the brain and cognition. Researchers found that, while evidence exists to support a link between overdose, cognitive impairment and brain abnormalities, more research is needed in this area.
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Hobit turns immune cells into killers
Against infections, tumors and inflammations, immune cells are locally positioned as rapid reaction forces in the organs of the body. On site, they specialize and take on various tasks.
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Learning from a ‘living fossil’
As we live and breathe, ancient-looking fish known as bowfin are guarding genetic secrets that that can help unravel humanity's evolutionary history and better understand its health.
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Tracking genetically modified animals
Researchers have discovered a new way to track genetically modified animals using the artificial transgenes they leave behind in the environment. The discovery provides a powerful new tool to locate and manage genetically modified animals that have escaped or been released into the wild.
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Beavers are well established and moving through the Oregon Coast Range
Beavers are often translocated to restore populations in areas, reduce their conflicts with humans and to take advantage of their ability to improve ecosystems. However, few studies have accessed the impacts of dispersing beavers, making it difficult to determine best practices for translocations.
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Turning thermal energy into electricity
With the addition of sensors and enhanced communication tools, providing lightweight, portable power has become even more challenging. New research demonstrated a new approach to turning thermal energy into electricity that could provide compact and efficient power.
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Hobit turns immune cells into killers
Against infections, tumors and inflammations, immune cells are locally positioned as rapid reaction forces in the organs of the body. On site, they specialize and take on various tasks.
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Perceptions of supernatural beings reveal feelings about good and bad in humans
What transpires in comedies and cartoons when a character has a devil on one shoulder and an angel on the other is not far off from people's perceptions of the real world, finds a new study.
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Eating walnuts daily lowered 'bad' cholesterol and may reduce cardiovascular disease risk
Healthy older adults who ate a handful of walnuts (about ½ cup) a day for two years modestly lowered their level of low-density lipoprotein or LDL cholesterol levels. Consuming walnuts daily also reduced the number of LDL particles, a predictor of cardiovascular disease risk. The study explored the effects of a walnut-enriched diet on overall cholesterol in elderly individuals from diverse geographical locations and spanning two years.
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Light-to-moderate coffee drinking associated with health benefits
Up to three cups of coffee per day is associated with a lower risk of stroke and fatal heart disease, according to new research.
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Sunday, August 29, 2021
The physics behind a tardigrade's lumbering gait
Animals as small and soft as tardigrades seldom have legs and almost never bother walking. But a new study finds that water bears propel themselves through sediment and soil on eight stubby legs, in a manner resembling that of insects 500,000 times their size.
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Common pesticide may contribute to global obesity crisis
Researchers discovered that chlorpyrifos, which is banned for use on foods in Canada but widely sprayed on fruits and vegetables in many other parts of the world, slows down the burning of calories in the brown adipose tissue of mice. Reducing this burning of calories, a process known as diet-induced thermogenesis, causes the body to store these extra calories, promoting obesity. Scientists made the discovery after studying 34 commonly used pesticides and herbicides in brown fat cells and testing the effects of chlorpyrifos in mice fed high calorie diets.
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Global sand and gravel extraction conflicts with half of UN Sustainable Development Goals
Sand and gravel are the most mined materials in the world, with between 32 and 50 billion tons extracted globally each year. They are being extracted faster than they can be replaced. But according to a new study, the human and environmental costs of this extraction on lower and middle-income countries have been largely overlooked.
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Rare barley mutation with potential
The importance of the root system for agricultural yields is often underestimated. Whether roots can access water and nutrients effectively also determines the resilience of important crops to drought and climate change. Researchers have discovered and described a mutant in barley: Its roots grow downwards much more sharply than usual. This discovery potentially provides a starting point for breeding more drought-resistant varieties.
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Carbon neutrality – a new policy brief for municipalities world wide
How to design efficient demo areas for urban carbon sequestration? In the latest policy brief research groups focus on the main principles of urban demonstration areas using biochars for carbon sequestration.
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Saturday, August 28, 2021
Climate change challenge: Terminology used by scientists confounds public
A new study finds that U.S. residents struggle to understand terms frequently used by scientists to describe climate change.
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Climate change challenge: Terminology used by scientists confounds public
A new study finds that U.S. residents struggle to understand terms frequently used by scientists to describe climate change.
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Old habit-controlling neurons may also help the brain learn new tricks
In a study of rodents, scientists discovered that a part of the brain traditionally thought to control typing the old sequence may also play a critical role in learning the new one. The results suggest that this process involves a delicate balance in the activity of two neighboring neural circuits: one dedicated to new actions and the other to old habits.
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AI algorithm solves structural biology challenges
Researchers develop machine learning methods that accurately predict the 3D shapes of drug targets and other important biological molecules, even when only limited data is available.
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Your sense of smell may be the key to a balanced diet
When we smell food, we are more likely to eat -- but new findings suggest eating food also impacts our sense of smell, which could bias what we eat next. Imaging shows that brain's response to odors similar to a recent meal is less 'food-like' than its response to a different food odor. Interplay between smell and food intake may have evolutionary benefit in helping humans diversify diet
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Growth-promoting, anti-aging retinal at the root of plant growth too
What do frog eggs have in common with 'anti-aging' creams? Their success depends on a group of chemical compounds called retinoids, which are capable of generating and re-generating tissues. A new study in plants shows that retinoids' tissue-generating capacities are also responsible for the appropriate development of roots.
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Friday, August 27, 2021
Ending prices with '.99' can backfire on sellers
Setting a price just below a round number ($39.99 instead of $40) may lead consumers into thinking a product is less expensive than it really is -- but it can sometimes backfire on sellers, a new study shows.
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Environmental pollution may contribute to racial/ethnic disparities In Alzheimer’s disease risk
Fine particle pollution may be one reason why Black women have double the risk of developing Alzheimer's than white women, suggests new research. Data shows that older people are more likely to develop dementia if they live in locations with high PM2.5, and African American populations are more likely to live in neighborhoods near polluting facilities. Even when controlling for other risk factors, this study found that Black women still had roughly two times greater a risk of developing Alzheimer's disease than white women, and it also found that they had higher exposure to PM2.5.
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Embryonic development in slow motion
Roe deer are among the few mammals whose embryos go into a particularly long period of dormancy. Using modern molecular methods, researchers have shown for the first time what exactly happens in the embryo during this phase. They have identified signals that control the embryo`s awakening.
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Seabed recovers more quickly following extreme storms than from the impacts of bottom-towed fishing
Academics have been monitoring the Lyme Bay Marine Protected area using underwater cameras and other techniques since 2008, but this is the first known study to examine an MPA's response and resilience in the face of extreme storms.
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Bacterial bloom as the Earth thawed: Photosynthetic organisms during the Snowball Earth
Around 650 million years ago, the Earth entered into the Marinoan glaciation that saw the entire planet freeze. The 'Snowball Earth' impeded the evolution of life. But as it warmed, biotic life began to flourish. A research team has now analyzed rock samples from China to tell us more about this transition.
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Drought and climate change shift tree disease in Sierra Nevada
A study provides some of the first evidence that climate change and drought are shifting the range of infectious disease in forests suffering from white pine blister rust disease.
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Thursday, August 26, 2021
Protect habitat ‘stepping stones’ to help species cope with climate change
Safe passages for species adapting to climate change aren't always being protected, a new study warns.
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Diverse DNA signatures linked to heart disease
Risk for heart disease does not look the same on the genetic level for different population groups, report an international team of researchers. The studY begins to outline gene activity patterns that could serve as early warning indicators for cardiovascular disease.
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Tropical forest vulnerability index
New research will detect and evaluate the vulnerability of global tropical rainforests by focusing specifically on threats from changes to land-use and climate.
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Altered functional brain network connectivity associated with symptoms of post-traumatic stress in COVID-19 survivors, study shows
COVID-19 survivors report significantly higher symptoms of post-traumatic stress, and these symptoms are associated with changes to the brain's connectivity, according to a new study.
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Study identifies 579 genetic locations linked to anti-social behavior, alcohol use, opioid addiction and more
An analysis of data from 1.5 million people has identified 579 locations in the genome associated with a predisposition to different behaviors and disorders related to self-regulation, including addiction and child behavioral problems.
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A mechanism underlying most common cause of epileptic seizures revealed
An interdisciplinary team studying neurogenetics, neural networks, and neurophysiology has revealed how dysfunctions in even a small percentage of cells can cause disorder across the entire brain.
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Restoring 'chaperone' protein may prevent plaque build-up in Alzheimer’s
Researchers have shown how restoring levels of the protein DAXX and a large group of similar proteins prevents the misfolding of the rogue proteins known to drive Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases, as well as certain mutations that contribute to cancers.
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Osteoarthritis: New genetic risk factors and novel drug targets
Researchers have found new genetic risk factors for osteoarthritis and identified novel drug targets. Their finding is a milestone towards the development of the first ever curative treatment for osteoarthritis.
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Research supports FDA recommendation: Patients with implanted medical devices should keep their smart phones and watches at least six inches away
A new study supports the FDA recommendation that patients keep any consumer electronic devices that may create magnetic interference, including cell phones and smart watches, at least six inches away from implanted medical devices, in particular pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators.
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Volcanic eruptions may have spurred first ‘whiffs’ of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere
A new analysis of 2.5-billion-year-old rocks from Australia finds that volcanic eruptions may have stimulated population surges of marine microorganisms, creating the first puffs of oxygen into the atmosphere. This would change existing stories of Earth's early atmosphere, which assumed that most changes in the early atmosphere were controlled by geologic or chemical processes.
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Cytokine APRIL protects from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Heart attacks and strokes are the main causes of death and loss of productive years globally. These clinical complications are caused by atherosclerosis, which is a chronic disease that leads to the accumulation of LDL cholesterol and immune cells in the inner layer of arteries and thereby resulting in the build-up of atherosclerotic plaques. Researchers have now identified that a cytokine called A Proliferation Inducing Ligand (APRIL) plays a major protective role against the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.
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From couch to ultra-marathon – mental imagery technique can aid running challenge completion
A motivational intervention known as functional imagery training (FIT) can help self-professed non-runners to complete an ultra-marathon (50km plus), according to new research.
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Research reveals how subtle changes in a microRNA may lead to ALS
This latest research on microRNAs (miRNAs), regulatory molecules that act like brakes to reduce the production of proteins, has implications for studying and treating the underlying causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurological and psychiatric disorders. The work could also be applicable to a wide range of diseases involving changes in gene expression levels, like cancer.
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Wednesday, August 25, 2021
Widespread tumor suppression mechanism stops cancer progression by interfering with cancer cell metabolism
A Wistar study shows the tumor suppressor Parkin, whose levels are reduced in different cancer types, causes acute metabolic and oxidative stress, suppresses mitochondrial trafficking, and blocks tumor cell movement, reducing primary and metastatic tumor growth.
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New sensor detects valuable rare earth element terbium from non-traditional sources
A new luminescent sensor can detect terbium, a valuable rare earth element used in smart phone displays, from complex environmental samples like acid mine waste.
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Robot mimics the powerful punch of the mantis shrimp
Mantis shrimp pack the strongest punch of any creature in the animal kingdom. How mantis shrimp produce these deadly, ultra-fast movements has long fascinated biologists. Now, an interdisciplinary team of roboticists, engineers and biologists have modeled the mechanics of the mantis shrimp's punch and built a robot that mimics the movement. The research sheds light on the biology of these pugnacious crustaceans and paves the way for small but mighty robotic devices.
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Dams ineffective for cold-water conservation
Knowing where cold water is likely to stay cold is critical for conservation. But "cold" is more than just a number on a thermometer. Dams do not adequately support cold-water ecosystems, finds a new study.
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Central European prehistory was highly dynamic
Recent archaeogenetic studies have shown that human movements like migrations and expansions played a major role in driving the spread of cultures and genes in ancient Europe. However, it is only now with detailed regional studies and dense sampling that researchers start to better understand the magnitude, rate and social implications of these changes.
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Protecting gardens and crops from insects using the ‘smell of fear’
For home gardeners and farmers, herbivorous insects present a major threat. The predator insects that feed on these bugs emit odors that pests can sense, which changes the pests' behavior and physiology to avoid being eaten. With bugs becoming more resistant to traditional pesticides, researchers now report they have bottled the 'smell of fear' produced by predators to repel and disrupt insects naturally.
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Researchers identify genetic cause of endometriosis and reveal potential drug target
New research offers insight into how to treat endometriosis. The researchers performed genetic analyses of humans and rhesus macaques to identify a specific gene, NPSR1, that increases risk of suffering from endometriosis. The results reveal a potential new nonhormonal drug target that may lead to improved therapy.
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Tropical forests in Africa’s mountains store more carbon than previously thought – but are disappearing fast
An international study found that intact tropical mountain (or montane) forests in Africa store around 150 tons of carbon per hectare. This means that keeping a hectare of forest standing saves CO2 emissions equivalent to powering 100 homes with electricity for one year.
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Young athletes with history of concussions may have more changes to their brains
A new study suggests athletes with a history of concussion may show more brain injury from a later concussion, particularly in middle regions of the brain that are more susceptible to damage, when compared to athletes with no history of concussion.
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Add it up: Could this test equal a way to determine dementia risk?
People whose scores on a dementia risk test indicated a less brain-healthy lifestyle, including smoking, high blood pressure and a poor diet, may also have the following: lower scores on thinking skills tests, more changes on brain scans and a higher risk of cognitive impairment, according to a new study.
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‘Nanojars’ capture dissolved carbon dioxide, toxic ions from water
Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere dissolves in waterways, forming bicarbonate ions and other compounds that change water chemistry, with possible harmful effects on aquatic organisms. In addition, bicarbonate can reenter the atmosphere as carbon dioxide later. Now, researchers have developed tiny 'nanojars' that split bicarbonate into carbonate and capture it, as well as certain toxic anions, so they can be removed from water.
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Fossils illuminate dinosaur evolution in eastern North America
Tyrannosaurus rex, the fearsome predator that once roamed what is now western North America, appears to have had an East Coast cousin. A new study describes two dinosaurs that inhabited Appalachia -- a once isolated land mass that today composes much of the eastern United States -- about 85 million years ago: an herbivorous duck-billed hadrosaur and a carnivorous tyrannosaur.
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Climate benefits vs. burdens: Which products are best suited for emerging carbon capture technologies?
Pulling heat-trapping carbon dioxide out of the air and turning it into useful products, a concept called carbon capture and utilization, has the potential to offer both environmental and economic benefits.
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Exposure to tobacco smoke in early life is associated with accelerated biological aging, study finds
A new study analyzes the association between more than 100 environmental exposures and the 'epigenetic clock' of over 1,000 children in six European countries.
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New research finds gender differences in fear and risk perception during COVID-19
New research suggests that men and women worry about the impact of COVID-19 in far different ways. For example, men are more likely to be concerned about financial consequences from COVID-19 while women report greater fear and more negative expectations about health-related outcomes.
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In hot weather, outdoor laborers work less -- when economy is growing
A new analysis suggests that U.S. workers in industries that expose them to weather conditions work fewer hours per day when temperatures surpass 90 degrees Fahrenheit -- but only during periods of economic growth.
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Confiscated fossil turns out to be exceptional flying reptile from Brazil
A fossil acquired in a police raid has turned out to be one of the best-preserved flying reptiles ever found, according to a new study.
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Exposure to tobacco smoke in early life is associated with accelerated biological aging, study finds
A new study analyzes the association between more than 100 environmental exposures and the 'epigenetic clock' of over 1,000 children in six European countries.
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Pictograms are first written accounts of earthquakes in pre-Hispanic Mexico
The Codex Telleriano Remensis, created in the 16th century in Mexico, depicts earthquakes in pictograms that are the first written evidence of earthquakes in the Americas in pre-Hispanic times, according to a pair of researchers who have systematically studied the country's historical earthquakes.
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In hot weather, outdoor laborers work less -- when economy is growing
A new analysis suggests that U.S. workers in industries that expose them to weather conditions work fewer hours per day when temperatures surpass 90 degrees Fahrenheit -- but only during periods of economic growth.
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New study gives insight into how often COVID-19 spreads through households
A new study demonstrates how quickly COVID-19 can spread through a household, and provides insight into how and why communities of color have suffered disproportionately from the pandemic.
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Unrealistic experiments mean true impact of nitrogen pollution on the environment is unknown
Unrealistic and flawed scientific experiments mean the true impact of nitrogen pollution on the environment is unknownremains poorly understood, a new study warns.
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Baby detector software embedded in digital camera rivals ECG
Facial recognition is now common in adults, but researchers have developed software that can reliably detect a premature baby's face in an incubator and remotely monitor its heart and breathing rates - rivaling ECG machines and even outperforming them. This is the first step in using non-contact monitoring in neonatal wards, avoiding skin tearing and potential infections from adhesive pads.
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Tuesday, August 24, 2021
Breast milk of mothers who received COVID-19 vaccine contains antibodies that fight illness
The breast milk of lactating mothers vaccinated against COVID-19 contains a significant supply of antibodies that may help protect nursing infants from the illness, according to new research.
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There’s a bright side to being a ‘Debbie Downer’
New research shows that keeping busy with a variety of activities can elicit both positive and negative emotions, and some of the relationship could depend on your age. A new study finds that engaging in diverse daily activities is associated with a diverse set of emotions.
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Report shows adult brain tumor incidence rates are decreasing but 5-year survival rates remain low
A new study found that incidence rates for malignant brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors declined by 0.8% annually during 2008 through 2017 in the United States for all ages combined.
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High cholesterol fuels cancer by fostering resistance to a form of cell death
A research team has identified how breast cancer cells use cholesterol to develop tolerance to stress, making them impervious to death as they migrate from the original tumor site.
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Healthy sugar origin in stingless bee honey revealed
Stingless bees are found throughout tropical and subtropical parts of the world and produce significantly less honey than their European honey bee counterparts (Apis mellifera) which are the world's major honey production species. However, stingless bee honey is highly prized as a specialty food, noted in Indigenous cultures for its medicinal properties, and attracts a high price. Now new research has identified that the Tetragonula carbonaria stingless bee, which is native to Australia, is a powerhouse at converting regular table sugar into the rare low GI sugar trehalulose, found only in stingless bee honey and not as a major component in any other food. Researchers also identified that the bees do this within their gut - the trehalulose does not result from native flora or unique resins that form the pots stingless bees store their honey in.
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Green hydrogen: Focus on the catalyst surface
Hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources with the help of electric power is deemed a key to the energy transition: It can be used to chemically store wind and solar energy in a CO2-neutral way. Researchers have studied water electrolysis processes on the surface of an iridium oxide catalyst.
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Early-warning system for sepsis shown to improve survival rates and cut hospital stays
Emergency room patients who were flagged by an artificial-intelligence algorithm for possibly having sepsis received antibiotics sooner and had better outcomes, according to a study conducted by physician-researchers.
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A novel gene involved in male infertility: ZFP541
A new gene that controls the completion of meiosis in spermatogenesis has been discovered. Until now, details of the mechanism that inactivates the expression of genes involved in the meiotic program during spermatogenesis had not been clarified. The researchers believe that this may lead to an advancement in reproductive medicine, like identifying causes for infertility from azoospermia or spermatogenic defects.
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Bird communities threatened by urbanization
Urbanization is one of the most drastic forms of land-use change. Its negative consequences on biodiversity have been studied extensively in countries like Germany. However, there has been less research in tropical regions from the Global South. Researchers investigated the effects on farmland bird communities in Bangalore and found that urbanization filters out species with certain traits, such as insect-eating birds, which are important for pest control.
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Research shows scale models effective for predicting storm damage to wood-frame buildings
A pair of scale model structures subjected to simulated storm conditions in an lab responded like real wood-frame homes during recent hurricanes, suggesting model buildings can yield important design information for low-lying areas vulnerable to storm surges and big waves.
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Tree rings from old growth Douglas-firs on the Oregon Coast show evidence of 1700 tsunami
Core samples taken from a stand of old growth Douglas-fir trees in the South Beach area just south of Newport showed reduced growth following the 9.0 earthquake and subsequent tsunami that struck the Pacific Northwest in 1700.
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Lupin and Arsenic: Research on soil decontamination by an exceptional plant
Researchers have discovered a new chemical mechanism used by roots of white lupin to clean up arsenic-contaminated soils, such as those from mining operations.
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Like venom coursing through the body: Researchers identify mechanism driving COVID-19 mortality
Researchers have identified what may be the key molecular mechanism responsible for COVID-19 mortality -- an enzyme related to neurotoxins found in rattlesnake venom.
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Stressed teens benefit from coping online, but a little goes a long way
An adolescent's day can be filled with a dizzying array of digital technologies. For many teenagers, being online is a way to pass the time and communicate with friends. Cell phones and social media can also help teens cope with stressful events -- as long as they strike the right balance between spending time online and pursuing other coping activities.
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Like venom coursing through the body: Researchers identify mechanism driving COVID-19 mortality
Researchers have identified what may be the key molecular mechanism responsible for COVID-19 mortality -- an enzyme related to neurotoxins found in rattlesnake venom.
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Measuring how the Arctic responds to climate change
The Arctic has been warming more than twice as fast as the rest of the planet. Meanwhile CO2 measurements show substantial increases in the amount of carbon absorbed into and emitted by Arctic plants and soil. Scientists assumed this was playing a large role in changes to the Arctic carbon cycle. But they were not able to measure carbon uptake and release independently. This study provides insights into this important process based on the modelling of atmospheric measurements of carbonyl sulfide.
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Climate change threatens seal hunting by Indigenous Alaskans
Climate change has severely reduced the length of the seal hunting season in a rural Alaska village, potentially threatening a key feature of the community's Indigenous way of life. The study led by Indigenous hunters, the Native Village of Kotzebue and scientists shows that over the past 17 years, the seal hunting season shrank about one day per year. Sea ice decline is a major cause of the shrinking season.
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Studying mosquito immune cells could improve understanding of disease transmission
A recent study led by an entomologist explores the different kinds of cells that make up mosquito immune systems. The research could shed light on how mosquitoes transmit malaria.
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Farmed carnivores may become 'disease reservoirs' posing human health risk
Carnivorous animals lack key genes needed to detect and respond to infection by pathogens, a study has found. Farming large numbers of carnivores, like mink, could allow the formation of undetected 'disease reservoirs', in which a pathogen could spread to many animals and mutate to become a risk to human health.
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Weight gain isn’t inevitable when you start college
Researchers found that first-year college students do pack on pounds, but implementing healthy patterns early can help stave off that weight gain.
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Viruses leave traces long after infection, research finds
Viruses do not always kill the cells they infect. Researchers have discovered in experiments with mice that cells have the power to self-heal and eliminate viruses. However, these cells undergo long-term changes. The findings may provide a hint as to why cured hepatitis C patients are more susceptible to liver cancer for years after.
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How adolescents used drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic
Among adolescents ages 10 to 14 in the U.S, the overall rate of drug use remained relatively stable in the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, one change was a decreased use of alcohol, but an increased use of nicotine and misuse of prescription drugs.
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Male Y chromosome facilitates the evolution of sex differences in body size
Females and males differ in many ways and yet they share the same genome. The only exception is the male Y chromosome. Using beetles as a study system, new research shows that despite of the Y chromosome containing very few genes, it can dramatically change male body size and thus facilitate the evolution of sex differences.
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Monday, August 23, 2021
Blueprints for how human kidneys form their filtering units
A team of scientists has conducted a comprehensive analysis reconstructing how kidneys form their filtering units, known as nephrons. The team studied hundreds of human and mouse nephrons at various points along their typical developmental trajectories, comparing important processes that have been conserved during the nearly 200 million years of evolution since humans and mice diverged from their common mammalian ancestor. The study details the similar genetic machinery that underpins nephron formation in humans and mice, enabling other groups of scientists to follow the logic of these developmental programs to make new types of kidney cells.
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Volcanoes acted as a safety valve for Earth’s long-term climate
Scientists have discovered that extensive chains of volcanoes have been responsible for both emitting and then removing atmospheric carbon dioxide over geological time. This stabilized temperatures at Earth's surface.
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Meeting biodiversity, climate, and water objectives through integrated strategies
We are collectively failing to conserve the world's biodiversity and to mobilize natural solutions to help curb global warming. A new study shows that managing a strategically placed 30% of land for conservation could safeguard 70% of all considered terrestrial plant and vertebrate animal species, while simultaneously conserving more than 62% of the world's above and below ground vulnerable carbon, and 68% of all clean water.
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Volcanism drove rapid ocean deoxygenation during the time of the dinosaurs
Ocean deoxygenation during the Mesozoic Era was much more rapid than previous thought, with CO2 induced environmental warming creating ocean 'dead zones' over timescales of only tens of thousands of years. The research paints a new picture of severe ocean deoxygenation events in our planet's geologic history.
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Understanding cookiecutter sharks
A little understood species of shark, known for taking cookie cutter-shaped bites out of everything from white sharks and whales to the rubber coated sonar sensors on submarines and even underwater electrical cables, is the subject of a new study. While the deep sea dwelling Cookiecutter shark will take a chomp out of anything it encounters in the upper reaches of the ocean, it really feasts on crustaceans, squid and small fish found in their habitat.
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Eyes provide peek at Alzheimer’s disease risk
Amyloid plaques found in the retinas of eyes may be an indicator of similar plaques in the brain, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, and may provide a more visible biomarker for detecting disease risk.
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High-rate magnesium rechargeable batteries move one step closer to realization
Magnesium rechargeable batteries show immense promise for a greener future because of their energy density, safety, and cost. But the lack of high-performance cathode materials has impeded their development. Now, a research team has developed liquid-sulfur/sulfide composite cathodes that enable high-rate magnesium batteries.
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Rise and fall of water blisters offers glimpse beneath Greenland’s thick ice sheet
A study found that as meltwater lakes on the surface of Greenland's ice sheet rapidly drain, they create water blisters between the ice and the bedrock that scientists could use to understand the hydrological network below Greenland's thick inland ice sheet. These networks could affect the stability of the ice sheet as Earth's climate warms.
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Pecan-enriched diet shown to reduce cholesterol
Researchers show that pecans can dramatically improve a person's cholesterol levels.
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Rare Cambrian fossils from Utah reveal unexpected anatomical complexity in early comb jellies
Researchers describe two new species of fossil ctenophores from the mid-Cambrian of Western USA, one of which has a preserved nervous system, which illuminates the early evolution of nervous and sensory features in ctenophores.
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Steep rise in cardiac arrests associated with opioid use
A nationwide US study has shown that the rate of opioid-related cardiac arrests has steeply risen and is now on par with the rate of cardiac arrest from other causes. Opioid use disorder, which includes dependence and addiction, affects more than two million people in the US, while opioid overdose is the leading cause of death for those aged 25 to 64 years. This study examined the trends and outcomes of opioid-related cardiac arrest in 2012 to 2018. The US Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD) was used to study all hospitalisations for cardiac arrest in active or chronic opioid users compared to cardiac arrests in patients not using opioids.
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Geologists dig into Grand Canyon's mysterious gap in time
At certain sites in the Grand Canyon, more than one billion years' worth of rocks have gone missing from the geologic record. Scientists are trying to figure out why.
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Sunday, August 22, 2021
Using artificial intelligence for early detection and treatment of illnesses
Artificial intelligence (AI) will fundamentally change medicine and healthcare: Diagnostic patient data, e.g. from ECG, EEG or X-ray images, can be analyzed with the help of machine learning, so that diseases can be detected at a very early stage based on subtle changes. However, implanting AI within the human body is still a major technical challenge. Scientists have now succeeded in developing a bio-compatible implantable AI platform that classifies in real time healthy and pathological patterns in biological signals such as heartbeats. It detects pathological changes even without medical supervision.
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Distress signal from fat cells prompts heart to shore up defenses against consequences of obesity
A stress signal received by the heart from fat could help protect against cardiac damage induced by obesity, a new study suggests. The finding could help explain the 'obesity paradox,' a phenomenon in which obese individuals have better short- and medium-term cardiovascular disease prognoses compared with those who are lean, but with ultimately worse long-term outcomes.
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New insights on mechanism that could help treat muscle-related diseases
Expression of the MyoD gene combined with exposure to three chemicals causes skin cells to become primitive muscle progenitors that can be maintained indefinitely in the lab and later coaxed into becoming mature muscle cells to treat muscle-related diseases. Skin-derived muscle progenitors are molecularly similar to muscle tissue stem cells, and muscle cells derived from these progenitors are more stable and mature than muscle cells directly converted from skin cells.
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New breakthrough in research into old insect exoskeletons
Researchers have isolated genetic material from exuviae (discarded exoskeletons) left after insects like cicadas molt. The researchers tested five different methods of amplifying the DNA sample by PCR, and were able to isolate nuclear DNA of good enough quality for repetitive loci known as microsatellites to be genotyped. This work is a significant contribution to insect sciences because these methods can be used for any insect species that molts.
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Dynamic photosynthesis model simulates 10-20 percent yield increase
A team has developed a model that treats photosynthesis as a dynamic process rather than an activity that either is or is not happening. This allowed the group to examine the impacts of the many fluctuations in light that crop leaves experience due to intermittent clouds, overlying leaves, and the sun's daily passage across the sky.
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Hydraulic fracturing can impact surface water quality, study suggests
The estimated impact on water quality is more pronounced during the period when wells generate large amounts of flowback and produced water, and where water monitors are closest to wells. More data is needed to better understand the full extent of the impact.
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Researchers develop novel strategy for tuberculosis vaccine
Innovators have created a novel strategy for developing an effective vaccine for a widespread form of tuberculosis.
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Under the northern lights: Mesospheric ozone layer depletion explained
The same phenomenon that causes aurorae -- the magical curtains of green light often visible from the polar regions of the Earth -- causes mesospheric ozone layer depletion, which could have significance for global climate change. Now, a group of scientists has observed, analyzed, and provided greater insight into this phenomenon.
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PULSAR-integrated radiotherapy with immunotherapy for improved tumor control
Cancer physicians are pioneering a new PULSAR radiation-therapy strategy that improves tumor control compared with traditional daily therapy.
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Saturday, August 21, 2021
Friday, August 20, 2021
Fertility:Key protein helps sperm do their job in timely fashion
Researchers detail how a ubiquitous signaling molecule plays a critical role in male fertility, orchestrating key steps that promote sperm motility, survival and fertilization success.
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New fossils show what the ancestral brains of arthropods looked like
Rare fossils preserving the brains of creatures living more than half a billion years ago shed new light on the evolution of arthropods such as insects and crustaceans.
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Biodiversity: Land use – Threat to and opportunity for bumblebees
Bumblebees largely contribute to the pollination of crops. However, they are threatened by land use changes due to climate change. Long-term simulations have now shown that smart land management may stabilize some species.
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Female and young walruses depend on disappearing Arctic sea ice for food sources
A new study shows that disappearing sea ice is a significant element of the food web supporting female walruses and their dependent young in the Arctic's Chukchi Sea. Researchers were able to trace biomarkers that are unique to algae growing within sea ice to connect marine mammals with a food source that is rapidly diminishing in the face of climate change.
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Can isometric resistance training safely reduce high blood pressure?
This very accessible and easy to perform intervention could have a strong effect on reducing blood pressure, say researchers.
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Fertility:Key protein helps sperm do their job in timely fashion
Researchers detail how a ubiquitous signaling molecule plays a critical role in male fertility, orchestrating key steps that promote sperm motility, survival and fertilization success.
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Cloud shadows cue mini-migrations
A new study shows that zooplankton swim up and down repeatedly within the ocean's twilight zone due to subtle changes in daylight intensity, with implications for deep-sea ecology and the Earth's carbon cycle.
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Seeing both the forest and the trees: Trans-scale scope shows big picture of tiny targets
Researchers built a microscope system that can image over a million cells at once. The technology allowed the team to simultaneously observe the actions of individual cells as well as the global features of cell populations. This research may significantly increase the ability of scientists to study rare cellular functions.
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Hundreds of Cape Fur seals entangled in fishing lines and nets every year
Fishing line and nets are having a major impact on Cape fur seals, the most common marine mammal observed around the coastline of South Africa and Namibia, where they are endemic. The first results from an ongoing study, initiated in 2018, shows that a high number of affected animals are pups and juveniles, which were mainly entangled around the neck with fishing line, causing horrific injuries and resulting in a slow, painful death.
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Evolution now accepted by majority of Americans
The level of public acceptance of evolution in the United States is now solidly above the halfway mark, according to a new study based on a series of national public opinion surveys conducted over the last 35 years.
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Integrative approach by biologists increases accuracy of mosquito vector surveillance
A team of researchers has developed an integrative approach that increases the accuracy of mosquito surveillance and management. The two-pronged strategy boosts accuracy in sampling by including mosquito larvae, and species identification using short DNA sequences.
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Opening the climate change forecasting toolbox
It is not easy to predict how animals -- from insects to fish -- are going to respond to climate change and especially extremes of temperature. This lack of understanding hinders our ability to predict the vulnerability of these animals to climate change. Scientists now make several proposal on how to improve the current, widely adopted thermal vulnerability index.
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New imaging tool visualizes cell functions in a microphysiological system
A microphysiological system (MPS) is a 3D organ construct using human cells. They show us how organs respond to drugs and environmental stimuli. Now, researchers have developed a new imaging tool for MPS using scanning probe microscopy.
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Cardiovascular disorder genetic testing in children presents unique challenges
Genetic testing for cardiovascular disorders is rapidly expanding, including among children. In its first scientific statement focused on the issue of cardiovascular genetic testing specifically among children, the American Heart Association provides information and guidance on the topic, including issues of timing, consent, family counseling before and after testing, and follow-up.
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Novel AI blood testing technology can ID lung cancers with high accuracy
A novel artificial intelligence blood testing technology was found to detect over 90% of lung cancers in samples from nearly 800 individuals with and without cancer.
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Thursday, August 19, 2021
Faster and cheaper ethanol-to-jet-fuel on the horizon
A patented process for converting alcohol sourced from renewable or industrial waste gasses into jet or diesel fuel is being scaled up.
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Understanding enzyme evolution paves the way for 'green' chemistry
Researchers have shown how laboratory evolution can give rise to highly efficient enzymes for new-to-nature reactions, opening the door for novel and more environmentally friendly ways to make drugs and other chemicals.
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Antibodies block specific viruses that cause arthritis, brain infections
Researchers have found antibodies that protect against specific mosquito-borne viruses that cause arthritis and brain infections. The findings could lead to a universal therapy or vaccine for the viruses.
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Rattlesnake rattles trick human ears
Rattlesnakes increase their rattling rate as potential threats approach, and this abrupt switch to a high-frequency mode makes listeners, including humans, think they're closer than they actually are, researchers report.
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Antibodies block specific viruses that cause arthritis, brain infections
Researchers have found antibodies that protect against specific mosquito-borne viruses that cause arthritis and brain infections. The findings could lead to a universal therapy or vaccine for the viruses.
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Researchers develop steerable catheter for brain surgery
A team of engineers and physicians has developed a steerable catheter that will give neurosurgeons the ability to steer the device in any direction they want while navigating the brain's arteries and blood vessels. The device was inspired by nature, specifically insect legs and flagella -- tail-like structures that allow microscopic organisms such as bacteria to swim.
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Blood-pressure drugs could improve colorectal cancer survival, study suggests
ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics were all associated with decreased mortality in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Key mental abilities can actually improve during aging
It's long been believed that advancing age leads to broad declines in our mental abilities. Now new research offers surprisingly good news by countering this view.
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Teens who use cannabis frequently more likely to have premature baby
Teenagers who use cannabis frequently may be more likely to have children born preterm, when they become parents up to twenty years later, finds a new study. The research repeatedly assessed 665 participants in a general population cohort on their tobacco and cannabis use between ages 14 to 29 years, before pregnancy.
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Wednesday, August 18, 2021
Combining perovskite with silicon, solar cells convert more energy from sun
To fully harness the potential of sunlight, scientists have been trying to maximize the amount of energy that can be extracted from the sun. Researchers now describe how pairing metal halide perovskites with conventional silicon leads to a more powerful solar cell that overcomes the 26% practical efficiency limit of using silicon cells alone. Perovskites fulfill all the optoelectronic requirements for a photovoltaic cell, and they can be manufactured using existing processes.
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Western chimpanzees are threatened by lack of regulated human development
New research has found that the habitats of West African (western) chimpanzees are threatened due to inadequate legislative protection from human development.
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Cooperation under pressure: Lessons from the COVID-19 swab crisis
A major crisis that accompanied the rise of the pandemic was lack of availability of the nasopharyngeal swab -- necessary for testing for COVID-19, which in turn, was necessary to get a grip on the pandemic. An account of how one group addressed that crisis is published this week Journal of Clinical Microbiology, a journal of the American Society for Microbiology.
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Tailoring wearable technology and telehealth in treating Parkinson's disease
Wearable health technologies are vastly popular with people wanting to improve their physical and mental health. Everything from exercise, sleep patterns, calories consumed and heart rhythms can be tracked by a wearable device. But timely and accurate data is also especially valuable for doctors treating patients with complicated health conditions using virtual care.
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Videos capture lethal progress of COVID-19 virus
Video images capture for the first time in live animals the inexorable spread of the COVID-19 virus, tracking the infection as it moved from the noses of mice to the lungs and other organs over the course of six days, in a new study.
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The fewer forests, the more space giant anteaters need, study finds
Giant anteaters living in less forested habitats make use of larger home ranges, according to a new study. This behavior may allow them to incorporate forest patches into their territory, the authors say.
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New clean energy tech extracts twice the power from ocean waves
New prototype tech can double the power harvested from ocean waves, an advance that could finally make wave energy a viable renewable alternative.
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Humble pond plant duckweed may help researchers to develop better crops
Duckweed, a tiny freshwater floating plant, is an excellent laboratory model for scientists to discover new strategies for growing hardier and more sustainable crops in an age of climate change and global population boom, a new study finds.
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Study of structural variants in cacao genomes yields clues about plant diversity
Molecular geneticists have known for about a decade that genomic structural variants can play important roles in the adaptation and speciation of both plants and animals, but their overall influence on the fitness of plant populations is poorly understood. That's partly because accurate population-level identification of structural variants requires analysis of multiple high-quality genome assemblies, which are not widely available.
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Both early experiences and gene expression influence impulsivity in chicks
Differences in impulsivity between individuals are linked to both experience and gene expression, according to a study on the ancestor of domestic chickens, the red junglefowl.
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Does Alzheimer’s disease start inside nerve cells?
An experimental study has revealed that the Alzheimer's protein amyloid-beta accumulates inside nerve cells, and that the misfolded protein may then spread from cell to cell via nerve fibers. This happens at an earlier stage than the formation of amyloid-beta plaques in the brain, something that is associated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Progress continues in ensuring safety for nation’s high school athletes
Researchers began publishing annual reports and bi-annual updates examining the health and safety policies for secondary schools for each individual state and Washington, D.C. The evaluations are based on safety measures states can implement, including emergency action plans, having automatic external defibrillators on site, training coaches to look for signs of concussion, treatment of exertional heat stroke and others.
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Inhibitor drug entinostat ‘primes’ the body to better respond to anti-cancer treatment with immunotherapy
Combining a histone deacetylase inhibitor drug with immunotherapy agents has been deemed safe, and may benefit some patients with advanced cancers that have not responded to traditional therapy, according to results of a phase 1 clinical trial.
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Protecting largest, most prolific fish may boost productivity of fisheries
Management of many of the largest fisheries in the world assumes incorrectly that many small fish reproduce as well as fewer large ones with similar total masses, a new analysis has found. That can lead to overharvesting the largest, most prolific fish that can contribute the most to the population.
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Both early experiences and gene expression influence impulsivity in chicks
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How a Parkinson’s disease-linked protein attacks a cell’s powerhouses
Inside cells, organelles called mitochondria carry out a medley of vital tasks. These structures generate energy and help to keep the cells' interior environment in a state of healthy equilibrium, among other functions. Now, scientists show in detail how alpha-synuclein, a protein associated with Parkinson's disease, can damage these cellular powerhouses.
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Sounds and words are processed separately and simultaneously in the brain
After years of research, neuroscientists have discovered a new pathway in the human brain that processes the sounds of language. The findings suggest that auditory and speech processing occur in parallel, contradicting a long-held theory that the brain processed acoustic information then transformed it into linguistic information.
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Lonely flies, like many humans, eat more and sleep less
Single fruit flies quarantined in test tubes sleep too little and eat too much after only about one week of social isolation, according to a new study.
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Urban lights keep insects awake at night
New research sheds light on the effect urbanization has on the flesh fly species Sarcophaga similis. Through a series of laboratory and in-field experiments, scientists show that an increase in nighttime illumination and temperature, two of the major characteristics of urbanization, can postpone S. similis hibernation anywhere from 3 weeks to a month.
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